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A comprehensive quantification of global nitrous oxide sources and sinks

机译：全面量化全球氮氧化物源和水槽

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摘要

Bottom-up and top-down approaches are used to quantify global nitrous oxide sources and sinks resulting from both natural and anthropogenic sources, revealing a 30% increase in global human-induced emissions between 1980 and 2016.Nitrous oxide (N2O), like carbon dioxide, is a long-lived greenhouse gas that accumulates in the atmosphere. Over the past 150 years, increasing atmospheric N2O concentrations have contributed to stratospheric ozone depletion(1)and climate change(2), with the current rate of increase estimated at 2 per cent per decade. Existing national inventories do not provide a full picture of N2O emissions, owing to their omission of natural sources and limitations in methodology for attributing anthropogenic sources. Here we present a global N2O inventory that incorporates both natural and anthropogenic sources and accounts for the interaction between nitrogen additions and the biochemical processes that control N2O emissions. We use bottom-up (inventory, statistical extrapolation of flux measurements, process-based land and ocean modelling) and top-down (atmospheric inversion) approaches to provide a comprehensive quantification of global N2O sources and sinks resulting from 21 natural and human sectors between 1980 and 2016. Global N2O emissions were 17.0 (minimum-maximum estimates: 12.2-23.5) teragrams of nitrogen per year (bottom-up) and 16.9 (15.9-17.7) teragrams of nitrogen per year (top-down) between 2007 and 2016. Global human-induced emissions, which are dominated by nitrogen additions to croplands, increased by 30% over the past four decades to 7.3 (4.2-11.4) teragrams of nitrogen per year. This increase was mainly responsible for the growth in the atmospheric burden. Our findings point to growing N2O emissions in emerging economies-particularly Brazil, China and India. Analysis of process-based model estimates reveals an emerging N2O-climate feedback resulting from interactions between nitrogen additions and climate change. The recent growth in N2O emissions exceeds some of the highest projected emission scenarios(3,4), underscoring the urgency to mitigate N2O emissions.
机译：自然和自上而下的方法用于量化天然和人为源引起的全球氧化亚氧化物源和水槽，揭示了1980年至2016年之间的全球人类诱导的排放量增加了30％。氧化物（N2O），如碳二氧化碳，是一种长期的温室气体，积聚在大气中。在过去的150年中，增加大气N2O浓度导致平流层臭氧耗尽（1）和气候变化（2），目前的增加速率估计为每十年的2％。由于他们遗漏了归因于归因于归因于人为来源的方法论的自然来源和局限性，现有的国家清单不提供N2O排放的全面图片。在这里，我们提出了一种全球性N2O库存，其含有天然和人为来源，并考虑氮气添加与控制N2O排放的生物化学过程之间的相互作用。我们使用自下而上的（库存，基于过程的土地和海洋建模的库存，统计外推），并自上而下（大气反转）方法，以提供全球N2O源和汇总的全面量化，由21种自然和人类部门之间产生1980年和2016年。全球N2O排放量为17.0（最低最高估计：12.2-23.5）每年氮气（自下而上）和16.9（15.9-17.7）2007年至2016年间氮气（自上而下） 。过去四十年来，全球人为诱导的排放由氮气添加到农作物，每年增加30％至7.3（4.2-11.4）氮的7.3（4.2-11.4）。这种增加主要负责大气负担的增长。我们的调查结果指出了新兴经济体的N2O排放 - 特别是巴西，中国和印度。基于过程的模型估计分析显示出氮气添加和气候变化之间的相互作用导致的新出现的N2O-气候反馈。最近N2O排放的增长超过了一些最高的投影发射方案（3,4），强调了减轻N2O排放的紧迫性。

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  • 来源
    《Nature》 |2020年第7828期|248-256|共9页
  • 作者

    Tian Hanqin; Xu Rongting; Canadell Josep G.; Thompson Rona L.; Winiwarter Wilfried; Suntharalingam Parvadha; Davidson Eric A.; Ciais Philippe; Jackson Robert B.; Janssens-Maenhout Greet; Prather Michael J.; Regnier Pierre; Pan Naiqing; Pan Shufen; Peters Glen P.; Shi Hao; Tubiello Francesco N.; Zaehle Soenke; Zhou Feng; Arneth Almut; Battaglia Gianna; Berthet Sarah; Bopp Laurent; Bouwman Alexander F.; Buitenhuis Erik T.; Chang Jinfeng; Chipperfield Martyn P.; Dangal Shree R. S.; Dlugokencky Edward; Elkins James W.; Eyre Bradley D.; Fu Bojie; Hall Bradley; Ito Akihiko; Joos Fortunat; Krummel Paul B.; Landolfi Angela; Laruelle Goulven G.; Lauerwald Ronny; Li Wei; Lienert Sebastian; Maavara Taylor; MacLeod Michael; Millet Dylan B.; Olin Stefan; Patra Prabir K.; Prinn Ronald G.; Raymond Peter A.; Ruiz Daniel J.; van der Werf Guido R.; Vuichard Nicolas; Wang Junjie; Weiss Ray F.; Wells Kelley C.; Wilson Chris; Yang Jia; Yao Yuanzhi;

  • 作者单位

    Auburn Univ Int Ctr Climate & Global Change Res Sch Forestry & Wildlife Sci Auburn AL 36849 USA;

    Auburn Univ Int Ctr Climate & Global Change Res Sch Forestry & Wildlife Sci Auburn AL 36849 USA;

    CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere Global Carbon Project Canberra ACT Australia;

    NILU Norsk Inst Luftforskning Kjeller Norway;

    Int Inst Appl Syst Anal Laxenburg Austria|Univ Zielona Gora Inst Environm Engn Zielona Gora Poland;

    Univ East Anglia Sch Environm Sci Norwich Norfolk England;

    Univ Maryland Ctr Environm Sci Appalachian Lab Frostburg MD USA;

    UPSACLAY Lab Sci Climat & Environm LSCE UVSQ CEA CNRS Gif Sur Yvette France;

    Stanford Univ Dept Earth Syst Sci Stanford CA 94305 USA|Stanford Univ Woods Inst Environm Stanford CA 94305 USA|Stanford Univ Precourt Inst Energy Stanford CA 94305 USA;

    Joint Res Ctr JRC European Commiss Ispra Italy|Univ Ghent Fac Engn & Architecture Ghent Belgium;

    Univ Calif Irvine Dept Earth Syst Sci Irvine CA USA;

    Univ Libre Bruxelles Dept Geosci Environm & Soc Brussels Belgium;

    Auburn Univ Int Ctr Climate & Global Change Res Sch Forestry & Wildlife Sci Auburn AL 36849 USA|Chinese Acad Sci Res Ctr Ecoenvironm Sci State Key Lab Urban & Reg Ecol Beijing Peoples R China;

    Auburn Univ Int Ctr Climate & Global Change Res Sch Forestry & Wildlife Sci Auburn AL 36849 USA;

    CICERO Ctr Int Climate Res Oslo Norway;

    Auburn Univ Int Ctr Climate & Global Change Res Sch Forestry & Wildlife Sci Auburn AL 36849 USA;

    United Nations Stat Div Food & Agr Org Rome Italy;

    Max Planck Inst Biogeochem Jena Germany;

    Peking Univ Sino France Inst Earth Syst Sci Coll Urban & Environm Sci Lab Earth Surface Proc Beijing Peoples R China;

    Karlsruhe Inst Technol Inst Meteorol & Climate Res Atmospher Environm Re Garmisch Partenkirchen Germany;

    Univ Bern Climate & Environm Phys Phys Inst Bern Switzerland|Univ Bern Oeschger Ctr Climate Change Res Bern Switzerland;

    Univ Toulouse CNRS Ctr Natl Rech Meteorol CNRM Meteo France Toulouse France;

    Sorbonne Univ PSL Univ Ecole Normale Super Ecole Polytech CNRS LMD IPSL Paris France;

    PBL Netherlands Environm Assessment Agcy The Hague Netherlands|Univ Utrecht Fac Geosci Dept Earth Sci Geochem Utrecht Netherlands|Ocean Univ China Key Lab Marine Chem Theory & Technol Minist Educ Qingdao Peoples R China;

    Univ East Anglia Sch Environm Sci Norwich Norfolk England|Univ East Anglia Sch Environm Sci Tyndall Ctr Climate Change Res Norwich Norfolk England;

    UPSACLAY Lab Sci Climat & Environm LSCE UVSQ CEA CNRS Gif Sur Yvette France|Zhejiang Univ Coll Environm & Resource Sci Hangzhou Peoples R China;

    Univ Leeds Natl Ctr Earth Observat Leeds W Yorkshire England|Univ Leeds Sch Earth & Environm Inst Climate & Atmospher Sci Leeds W Yorkshire England;

    Woods Hole Res Ctr Falmouth MA USA;

    NOAA Global Monitoring Lab Boulder CO USA;

    NOAA Global Monitoring Lab Boulder CO USA;

    Southern Cross Univ Sch Environm Sci & Engn Ctr Coastal Biogeochem Lismore NSW Australia;

    Chinese Acad Sci Res Ctr Ecoenvironm Sci State Key Lab Urban & Reg Ecol Beijing Peoples R China|Beijing Normal Univ Fac Geog Sci Beijing Peoples R China;

    NOAA Global Monitoring Lab Boulder CO USA;

    Natl Inst Environm Studies Ctr Global Environm Res Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan;

    Univ Bern Climate & Environm Phys Phys Inst Bern Switzerland|Univ Bern Oeschger Ctr Climate Change Res Bern Switzerland;

    CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere Climate Sci Ctr Aspendale Vic Australia;

    GEOMAR Helmholtz Ctr Ocean Res Kiel Kiel Germany|CNR Ist Sci Marine Rome Italy;

    Univ Libre Bruxelles Dept Geosci Environm & Soc Brussels Belgium;

    UPSACLAY Lab Sci Climat & Environm LSCE UVSQ CEA CNRS Gif Sur Yvette France|Univ Libre Bruxelles Dept Geosci Environm & Soc Brussels Belgium|Univ Paris Saclay INRAE AgroParisTech UMR ECOSYS Thiverval Grignon France;

    UPSACLAY Lab Sci Climat & Environm LSCE UVSQ CEA CNRS Gif Sur Yvette France|Tsinghua Univ Dept Earth Syst Sci Minist Educ Key Lab Earth Syst Modeling Beijing Peoples R China;

    Univ Bern Climate & Environm Phys Phys Inst Bern Switzerland|Univ Bern Oeschger Ctr Climate Change Res Bern Switzerland;

    Yale Sch Forestry & Environm Studies New Haven CT USA;

    Scotlands Rural Coll SRUC Land Econ Environm & Soc Edinburgh Midlothian Scotland;

    Univ Minnesota Dept Soil Water & Climate St Paul MN 55108 USA;

    Lund Univ Dept Phys Geog & Ecosyst Sci Lund Sweden;

    JAMSTEC Res Inst Global Change Yokohama Kanagawa Japan|Chiba Univ Ctr Environm Remote Sensing Chiba Japan;

    MIT Ctr Global Change Sci 77 Massachusetts Ave Cambridge MA 02139 USA;

    Yale Sch Forestry & Environm Studies New Haven CT USA;

    Univ Calif Irvine Dept Earth Syst Sci Irvine CA USA;

    Vrije Univ Fac Sci Amsterdam Netherlands;

    UPSACLAY Lab Sci Climat & Environm LSCE UVSQ CEA CNRS Gif Sur Yvette France;

    Ocean Univ China Key Lab Marine Chem Theory & Technol Minist Educ Qingdao Peoples R China;

    Univ Calif San Diego Scripps Inst Oceanog La Jolla CA 92093 USA;

    Univ Minnesota Dept Soil Water & Climate St Paul MN 55108 USA;

    Univ Leeds Natl Ctr Earth Observat Leeds W Yorkshire England|Univ Leeds Sch Earth & Environm Inst Climate & Atmospher Sci Leeds W Yorkshire England;

    Mississippi State Univ Dept Forestry Mississippi State MS 39762 USA;

    Auburn Univ Int Ctr Climate & Global Change Res Sch Forestry & Wildlife Sci Auburn AL 36849 USA;

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