Environmental performance of blue foods

Gephart Jessica A.; Henriksson Patrik J. G.; Parker Robert W. R.; Shepon Alon; Gorospe Kelvin D.; Bergman Kristina; Eshel Gidon; Golden Christopher D.; Halpern Benjamin S.; Hornborg Sara; Jonell Malin; Metian Marc; Mifflin Kathleen; Newton Richard; Tyedmers Peter; Zhang Wenbo; Ziegler Friederike; Troell Max

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Environmental performance of blue foods

机译：蓝色食物的环境表现

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A range of environmental stressors are estimated for farmed and wild capture blue foods, including bivalves, seaweed, crustaceans and finfish, with the potential to inform more sustainable diets.Fish and other aquatic foods (blue foods) present an opportunity for more sustainable diets(1,2). Yet comprehensive comparison has been limited due to sparse inclusion of blue foods in environmental impact studies(3,4) relative to the vast diversity of production(5). Here we provide standardized estimates of greenhouse gas, nitrogen, phosphorus, freshwater and land stressors for species groups covering nearly three quarters of global production. We find that across all blue foods, farmed bivalves and seaweeds generate the lowest stressors. Capture fisheries predominantly generate greenhouse gas emissions, with small pelagic fishes generating lower emissions than all fed aquaculture, but flatfish and crustaceans generating the highest. Among farmed finfish and crustaceans, silver and bighead carps have the lowest greenhouse gas, nitrogen and phosphorus emissions, but highest water use, while farmed salmon and trout use the least land and water. Finally, we model intervention scenarios and find improving feed conversion ratios reduces stressors across all fed groups, increasing fish yield reduces land and water use by up to half, and optimizing gears reduces capture fishery emissions by more than half for some groups. Collectively, our analysis identifies high-performing blue foods, highlights opportunities to improve environmental performance, advances data-poor environmental assessments, and informs sustainable diets.

机译：养殖的养殖和野生捕获的蓝色食物（包括纤维），海藻，甲壳类动物和小鱼，估计了一系列环境压力源，潜力能够提供更可持续的饮食。鱼和其他水生食品（蓝色食品）为更可持续的饮食提供了机会（ 1,2）。然而，由于蓝色食物在环境影响研究（3,4）中的稀疏含有相对于大多数生产（5），所以全面的比较受到限制。在这里，我们提供覆盖近四分之三的全球生产的物种组的温室气体，氮，磷，淡水和土地压力估计的标准化估计。我们发现跨越所有蓝色食物，养殖的惯客和海藻产生最低的压力源。捕捞渔业主要产生温室气体排放，小型鱼类产生较低的排放量，而不是所有美联储水产养殖，但扁平鱼和甲壳类动物产生最高。在养殖翅上鱼和甲壳类动物中，银和小芥末具有最低的温室气体，氮气和磷排放，而且具有最高的用水量，而养殖三文鱼和鳟鱼使用最少的土地和水。最后，我们模型干预情景和发现改善的饲料转换比率减少了所有美联储群体中的压力源，增加鱼产量将陆地和水量减少到一半，优化齿轮减少了一些群体以上超过一半的捕获渔业排放量。统称，我们的分析确定了高性能的蓝色食物，凸显了改善环境绩效的机会，提高了数据差的环境评估，并通知可持续饮食。

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《Nature》 |2021年第7876期|360-365|共6页
作者
Gephart Jessica A.; Henriksson Patrik J. G.; Parker Robert W. R.; Shepon Alon; Gorospe Kelvin D.; Bergman Kristina; Eshel Gidon; Golden Christopher D.; Halpern Benjamin S.; Hornborg Sara; Jonell Malin; Metian Marc; Mifflin Kathleen; Newton Richard; Tyedmers Peter; Zhang Wenbo; Ziegler Friederike; Troell Max;
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作者单位

Amer Univ Dept Environm Sci Washington DC 20016 USA;

Stockholm Resilience Ctr Stockholm Sweden|WorldFish George Town Malaysia|Royal Swedish Acad Sci Beijer Inst Ecol Econ Stockholm Sweden;

Dalhousie Univ Sch Resource & Environm Studies Halifax NS Canada|Aquaculture Stewardship Council Utrecht Netherlands;

Tel Aviv Univ Porter Sch Environm & Earth Sci Dept Environm Studies Tel Aviv Israel|Tel Aviv Univ Steinhardt Museum Nat Hist Tel Aviv Israel|Harvard TH Chan Sch Publ Hlth Dept Nutr Boston MA USA;

Amer Univ Dept Environm Sci Washington DC 20016 USA;

RISE Res Inst Sweden Dept Agr & Food Gothenburg Sweden;

Bard Coll Dept Environm Sci Annandale On Hudson NY 12504 USA;

Harvard TH Chan Sch Publ Hlth Dept Nutr Boston MA USA|Harvard TH Chan Sch Publ Hlth Dept Environm Hearth Boston MA USA|Harvard TH Chan Sch Publ Hlth Dept Global Hlth & Populat Boston MA USA;

Univ Calif Santa Barbara Natl Ctr Ecol Anal & Synth Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA|Univ Calif Santa Barbara Bren Sch Environm Sci & Management Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA;

RISE Res Inst Sweden Dept Agr & Food Gothenburg Sweden;

Stockholm Resilience Ctr Stockholm Sweden|Royal Swedish Acad Sci Beijer Inst Ecol Econ Stockholm Sweden|Royal Swedish Acad Sci Grobal Econ Dynam & Biosphere Stockholm Sweden;

IAEA Environm Labs IAEA EL Radioecol Lab Principality Of Monaco Monaco;

Dalhousie Univ Sch Resource & Environm Studies Halifax NS Canada;

Univ Stirling Inst Aquaculture Stirling Scotland;

Dalhousie Univ Sch Resource & Environm Studies Halifax NS Canada;

Shanghai Ocean Univ Coll Fisheries & Life Sci Shanghai Peoples R China;

RISE Res Inst Sweden Dept Agr & Food Gothenburg Sweden;

Stockholm Resilience Ctr Stockholm Sweden|Royal Swedish Acad Sci Beijer Inst Ecol Econ Stockholm Sweden;

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收录信息美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
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2. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to: a combination of millet seed extract, L‐cystine and pantothenic acid (ID 1514), amino acids (ID 1711), carbohydrate and protein combination (ID 461), Ribes nigrum L. (ID 2191), Vitis vinifera L. (ID 2157), Grifola frondosa (ID 2556), juice concentrate from berries of Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton and Vaccinium vitis‐idaea L. (ID 1125, 1288), blueberry juice drink and blueberry extracts (ID 1370, 2638), a combination of anthocyanins from bilberry and blackcurrant (ID 2796), inulin‐type fructans (ID 766, 767, 768, 769, 770, 771, 772, 804, 848, 849, 2922, 3092), green clay (ID 347, 1952), foods and beverages “low in energy”, “energy‐free” and “energy‐reduced” (ID 1146, 1147), and carbohydrate foods and beverages (ID 458, 459, 470, 471, 654, 1277, 1278, 1279) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 [J] . EFSA Journal . 2011,第6期

机译：关于证实健康声称的科学意见涉及：小米种子提取物，L-胱氨酸和泛酸（ID 1514），氨基酸（ID 1711），碳水化合物和蛋白质组合（ID 461），黑糖（Ribes nigrum L.）的组合（ ID 2191），Vitis vinifera L.（ID 2157），Grifola frondosa（ID 2556），浓缩牛痘越橘和Vaccinium vitis‐idaea L.（ID 1125、1288）的浆果浓缩汁，蓝莓汁饮料和蓝莓提取物（ID 1370、2638），越橘和黑加仑（ID 2796）中的花色苷，菊粉型果聚糖（ID 766、767、768、769、770、771、772、804、848、849、2922、3092）的组合粘土（ID 347，1952年），“低能耗”，“无能量”和“低能耗”食品（ID 1146、1147）以及碳水化合物食品和饮料（ID 458、459、470、471，法规（EC）1924/2006第13（1）条的第654、1277、1278、1279条）
3. Mapping the Influence of Food Waste in Food Packaging Environmental Performance Assessments [J] . Heller Martin C., Selke Susan E. M., Keoleian Gregory A. Journal of Industrial Ecology . 2019,第2期

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4. Camelina sativa a non-food energy crop: agronomic and environmental performances in Lombardia, Italy [C] . Piernicola Masella, Sergio Mapelli, Paola Pecchia, European biomass conference and exhibition . 2012

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5. Environmental blues: Working-class environmentalism and the labor-environmental alliance, 1968--1985. [D] . Gordon, Robert W. 2004

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7. EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA); Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to: a combination of millet seed extract, L-cystine and pantothenic acid (ID 1514), amino acids (ID 1711), carbohydrate and protein combination (ID 461), Ribes nigrum L. (ID 2191), Vitis vinifera L. (ID 2157), Grifola frondosa (ID 2556), juice concentrate from berries of Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton and Vaccinium vitisidaea L. (ID 1125, 1288), blueberry juice drink and blueberry extracts (ID 1370, 2638), a combination of anthocyanins from bilberry and blackcurrant (ID 2796), inulin-type fructans (ID 766, 767, 768, 769, 770, 771, 772, 804, 848, 849, 2922, 3092), green clay (ID 347, 1952), foods and beverages ―low in energy‖, ―energy-free‖ and ―energy-reduced‖ (ID 1146, 1147), and carbohydrate foods and beverages (ID 458, 459, 470, 471, 654, 1277, 1278, 1279) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 [O] . Tetens Inge 2011

机译：EFsa饮食产品，营养和过敏专家组（NDa）;关于健康声明的证据的科学意见：小米种子提取物，L-胱氨酸和泛酸（ID 1514），氨基酸（ID 1711），碳水化合物和蛋白质组合（ID 461），Ribes nigrum L.（ ID 2191），Vitis vinifera L.（ID 2157），灰树花（ID 2556），浓缩果汁来自Vaccinium macrocarpon aiton和Vaccinium vitisidaea L.（ID 1125,1288），蓝莓汁饮料和蓝莓提取物（ID 1370， 2638），来自越橘和黑醋栗的花青素（ID 2796），菊粉型果聚糖（ID 766,767,768,769,770,771,772,804,848,849,2922,3092），绿泥（ ID 347,1952），“食物和饮料 - 能量不足”，“无能源”和“能量减少”（ID 1146,1147），以及碳水化合物食品和饮料（ID 458,459,470,471,654， 1277,1278,1279）根据第（EC）1924/2006号条例第13（1）条

Environmental performance of blue foods

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