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Large-scale freshening of intermediate waters in the Pacific and Indian oceans

机译：太平洋和印度洋中层水的大规模淡化

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Despite the central role of the oceans in the global hydrological cycle, direct observations of precipitation over the oceans are too sparse to infer global patterns of variability. For the regions of water-mass formation (the high latitudes), however, it is possible to obtain indirect information on changes in the surface salinity budget from salinity measurements elsewhere, as water masses in the ocean carry distinct signatures in temperature and salinity over long distances. Here we present a comparison of historical hydrographic data collected between 1930 and 1980 with six more-recent trans-oceanic hydrographic sections (1985-94) from the intermediate waters of the Pacific and Indian oceans. North Pacific Intermediate Water and Antarctic Intermediate Water both show coherent basin-wide salinity decreases with time. The simplest explanation for these changes is a freshening of surface waters, over approximately 22 years, in the high-latitude North Pacific and Southern oceans, suggesting that precipitation (minus evaporation) has increased over the polar gyres. We estimate an increase by about 31 mm yr~(-1) for the Southern Ocean (between 55°S and 65°S), which is about three times larger than the values suggested by coupled atmosphere-ocean models with increasing atmospheric greenhouse-gas concentrations for the same period. The patterns of change are, however, qualitatively consistent between models and observations, and our results provide evidence for an intensification of the global hydrological cycle over the past decades.
机译：尽管海洋在全球水文循环中发挥着核心作用，但对海洋降水的直接观察却很少，无法推断出全球变化的格局。然而，对于水质形成区域（高纬度地区），由于海洋中的水团长期以来具有明显的温度和盐度特征，因此可以从其他地方的盐度测量中获得有关表面盐度预算变化的间接信息。距离。在这里，我们对1930年至1980年收集的历史水文数据与来自太平洋和印度洋中间水域的六个最新近洋水文断面（1985-94年）进行了比较。北太平洋中层水和南极中层水均显示整个盆地的连贯盐度随时间降低。对于这些变化的最简单解释是，在高纬度的北太平洋和南部海洋中，大约22年以来，地表水变新鲜，这表明极地回旋区的降水（负蒸发）增加了。我们估计南大洋（55°S和65°S之间）的增加量约为31 mm yr〜（-1），这是大气温室效应不断增加的大气-海洋耦合模型提出的值的三倍左右。同期的气体浓度。然而，模式和观测结果之间的变化模式在质量上是一致的，我们的研究结果为过去几十年来全球水文循环加剧的证据。

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