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Phase-mapping of periodically domain-inverted LiNbO_3 with coherent X-rays

机译：具有相干X射线的周期性域反转LiNbO_3的相位映射

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摘要

A varying refractive index across a wavefront leads to a change in the direction of propagation of the wave. This provides the basis for phase-contrast imaging of transparent or weakly absorbing materials with highly coherent X-ray beams. Lattice distortions can also change the direction of propagation of a wave field diffracted from a crystal. Here we report the use of this principle to effect phase-contrast imaging of the domain structure of a ferroelectric material, lithium niobate. A periodically domain-inverted structure for quasi-phase-matching of second-harmonic generation is created in this material, in which the direction of spontaneous polarization is sequentially inverted. Because of complex interactions during domain-inversion processing, this is accompanied by lattice distortions across the domain walls. These distortions split the diffracted wavefront of a beam of coherent X-rays from an advanced synchrotron source, giving rise to a pattern of interference that, reflects the underlying pattern of lattice distortions. These results show that this phase-contrast imaging technique with sub-micrometre spatial resolution permits the non-destructive, highly sensitive phase-mapping of various structural defects and distortions introduced into materials during processing.
机译：波前的折射率变化会导致波的传播方向发生变化。这为具有高度相干X射线束的透明或弱吸收材料的相衬成像提供了基础。晶格畸变还可以改变从晶体衍射的波场的传播方向。在这里，我们报告了该原理的使用，以实现铁电材料铌酸锂的畴结构的相衬成像。在该材料中创建了用于二次谐波生成的准相位匹配的周期性畴反转结构，在该结构中，自发极化的方向顺序颠倒。由于在域反转处理过程中发生复杂的交互作用，因此伴随着跨域壁的晶格畸变。这些畸变将来自高级同步加速器源的相干X射线束的衍射波前分开，产生了一种干涉图样，该干涉图样反映了晶格畸变的基本图样。这些结果表明，这种具有亚微米空间分辨率的相衬成像技术可以对加工过程中引入材料中的各种结构缺陷和变形进行无损，高灵敏度的相映射。

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