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Key Technologies, Systems, and Infrastructure Enabling the Commercialization and Human Settlement of Low Earth Orbit, the Moon, and Cislunar Space

机译：关键技术，系统和基础设施，使低地球轨道，月球和Cislunar空间的商业化和人类定居

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摘要

More than 50 years have passed since 2001: A Space Odyssey debuted in April 1968. In the film, Dr. Heywood Floyd flies to a large artificial gravity space station orbiting Earth aboard a commercial space plane. He then embarks on a commuter flight to the Moon arriving there 25 h later. Today, in this the 52nd anniversary year of the Apollo 11 lunar landing, the images portrayed in 2001 still remain well beyond our capabilities. This article examines key technologies and systems (e.g., in situ resource utilization, fission power, advanced chemical and nuclear propulsion), and supporting orbital infrastructure (providing a propellant and cargo transfer function), that could be developed by industry for both NASA and future commercial ventures over the next 30 years, allowing the operational capabilities presented in 2001 to be achieved, although on a more Spartan scale. Lunar-derived propellants (LDPs) will be essential to developing a reusable lunar transportation system that can allow initial outposts to evolve into settlements supporting a variety of commercial activities. Deposits of icy regolith discovered at the lunar poles can supply the feedstock material needed to produce liquid oxygen (LO2) and liquid hydrogen (LH2) propellants. On the lunar nearside, near the equator, iron oxiderich volcanic glass beads from vast pyroclastic deposits, together with mare regolith, can provide the feedstock materials to produce lunar-derived LO2 plus other important solar wind implanted (SWI) volatiles, including H-2 and helium-3. Megawatt-class fission power systems will be essential for providing continuous "24/7" power to processing plants, human settlements and commercial enterprises that develop on the Moon and in orbit. Reusable lunar landing vehicles will provide cargo and passenger "orbit-to-surface" access and will also transport LDP to Space Transportation Nodes (STNs) located in lunar polar (LPO) and lunar equatorial orbits (LLO). Reusable space-based, lunar transfer vehicles (LTVs), operating between STNs in low Earth orbit (LEO), LLO, and LPO, and able to refuel with LDPs, offer unique mission capabilities, including short transit time crewed cargo transports. Even commuter flights similar to that portrayed in 2001 appear possible, allowing 1-way trip times to and from the Moon as short as 24 h. The performance of LTVs using both RL10B-2 chemical rockets and a variant of the nuclear thermal rocket (NTR), the LO2-Augmented NTR (LANTR), are examined and compared. If only 1% of the LDP obtained from icy regolith, volcanic glass, and SWI volatile deposits were available for use in lunar orbit, such a supply could support routine commuter flights to the Moon for many thousands of years. This article provides a look ahead at what might be possible in the not too distant future, quantifies the operational characteristics of key in-space and surface technologies and systems, and provides conceptual designs for the various architectural elements discussed.
机译：自2001年以来一直通过了50多年：一个空间奥德赛于1968年4月首次亮相。在电影中，海伍德弗洛伊德博士在商业空间飞机上飞往大型人工重力空间站轨道。然后他开始在通勤飞行到月球上到达的勤工队。今天，在这个Apollo 11月份的52周年年份，2001年描绘的图像仍然远远超出了我们的能力。本文介绍了关键技术和系统（例如，原位资源利用，裂变电力，高级化学和核推进），并支持轨道基础设施（提供推进剂和货物转移功能），可以由美国国家航空航空航天局和未来开发在未来30年的商业企业，允许在2001年展出的运营能力实现，尽管在更加斯巴达规模上，但仍然可以实现2001年的运营能力。月球推进剂（LDPS）对于开发可重复使用的月球运输系统至关重要，这些系统可以允许初始前哨进入支持各种商业活动的定居点。在月球杆上发现的冰冷极岩的沉积物可以提供生产液氧（LO2）和液态氢（LH2）推进剂所需的原料材料。在赤道附近的月球近侧，来自巨大的热量沉积物的铁氧化铁火山玻璃珠与母马·重组，可以提供原料材料，以生产月球衍生的LO2加上其他重要的太阳能植入（SWI）挥发物，包括H-2和氦3。 Megawatt级裂变电力系统对于为在月球和轨道上开发的加工工厂，人类住区和商业企业提供连续的“24/7”的电力至关重要。可重复使用的月球落地车辆将提供货物和乘客“轨道 - 表面”访问，也将在Lunar极性（LPO）和月球赤道轨道（LLO）中运输LDP到空间运输节点（Stns）。可重复使用的空间，月球转移车辆（LTV），在低地球轨道（LEO），LLO和LPO中的STN之间，并能够用LDP加油，提供独特的使命能力，包括短途时间内营业的货物运输。即使是同类的通勤航班也是类似于2001年描绘的航班，允许单向行程时间到月球短至24小时。检查并比较LTVS使用RL10B-2化学火箭和核热火箭（NTR）的变体的LTV的性能，并进行比较。如果只有1％的LDP，从冰冷的石油石，火山玻璃和SWI挥发性矿床中可用于月球轨道，这种供应可以支持数千年来到月球的日常通勤飞行。本文提供了在不太遥远的未来可能在不太遥远的未来可能的情况下提前，这些产品量化了关键空间和表面技术和系统的操作特性，并为讨论的各种建筑元素提供了概念设计。

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