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Evaluating ten years of management effectiveness in a mangrove protected area

机译：评估红树林保护区十年的管理有效性

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Creating protected areas (PAs) intended to counteract the effects of human activities on the environment is a significant step towards conserving coastal and marine ecosystems. Various countries have introduced legal mechanisms to create and manage their important ecosystems, such as mangroves. Despite the significance of evaluating the effectiveness of PAs, literature on the topic is scarce, especially pertaining to the mangrove ecosystems. Therefore, the present study intended to evaluate the management of a PA located in northeastern Brazil throughout the first decade of the current century (2003, 2006, and 2012). The management of the PA was considered inadequate, and the level of efficacy even declined progressively, although a slight improvement was recorded in 2006. The respective levels of effectiveness were 35%, 50%, and 15% for 2003, 2006, and 2012. The improvement recorded in 2006 was attributed to a new management plan and the ensuing environmental actions, such as monitoring and management programs, PA zoning, and others. The worst management performance was indicated for the following assessment parameters, namely, administrative matters (public administration), biogeographic characteristics, and threats. One of the main reasons for the low management effectiveness is that the mangrove PA is located in an urban area of one the most densely populated cities in Brazil, namely, Fortaleza, (7786 inhabitant/km(2)). The location has led to an increase in the number of threats to the PA and has strongly influenced the biogeographic characteristics. The urbanization in and around the area has resulted in the PA being isolated, with no connection to other ecosystems through ecological corridors. Both direct measures and strategic planning are required to facilitate continuous improvement of the management effectiveness of PAs. This strategy is imperative in countries with tropical ecosystems characterized by significant biodiversity, which is vulnerable to anthropogenic effects. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
机译：建立旨在抵消人类活动对环境影响的保护区是保护沿海和海洋生态系统的重要一步。各个国家已引入法律机制来创建和管理其重要的生态系统，例如红树林。尽管评估保护区有效性的重要性很重要，但有关该主题的文献很少，尤其是与红树林生态系统有关的文献。因此，本研究旨在评估本世纪前十年（2003年，2006年和2012年）位于巴西东北部的PA的管理。尽管在2006年记录到PA的管理有所改善，但对PA的管理被认为是不适当的，其效力水平甚至逐渐下降。2003、2006和2012年的效力分别为35％，50％和15％。 2006年记录的改善归因于一项新的管理计划和随之而来的环境行动，例如监测和管理计划，保护区划分等。对于以下评估参数，显示出最差的管理绩效，即行政事项（公共行政），生物地理特征和威胁。管理效率低下的主要原因之一是，红树林PA位于巴西人口最稠密的城市之一的福塔雷萨（Fortaleza，7786人/ km（2））。该地点导致对PA的威胁数量增加，并极大地影响了生物地理特征。该地区及其周边地区的城市化进程使巴勒斯坦权力机构处于孤立状态，通过生态走廊与其他生态系统没有联系。需要直接措施和战略计划，以促进持续改善PA的管理有效性。在具有以大量生物多样性为特征，容易受到人为影响的热带生态系统的国家，这一战略势在必行。 （C）2016 Elsevier Ltd.保留所有权利。

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