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The adaptation-resistance spectrum: A classification of contemporary adaptation approaches to climate-related coastal change

机译：适应抵抗力谱：对与气候相关的沿海变化的当代适应方法的分类

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摘要

The realisation of climate change and its potential impacts on coastal environments and coastal communities has prompted much activity in the realm of 'adaptation'. Adaptation is typically viewed as actions in response to climate change that seek to limit its impacts and/or bring some benefit to human society. In this paper we consider adaptation actions in response to the twin risks of coastal flooding and recession both of which are likely to increase in frequency/rate and magnitude as a result of global climate change. Adaptation actions are classified on a spectrum based on the degree of planned modification of (ⅰ) human activities or (ⅱ) the physical coastal environment. At one end of the spectrum is a set of activities that involve changing human activities to suit the changing environment (e.g. innovative building design, relocation of infrastructure and/or people, changing landuse or livelihoods). At the other extreme are activities (e.g. building or raising flood defences, building or strengthening seawalls, nourishing beaches) that involve resisting environmental change in order to preserve existing infrastructure and human activities. Between these two extremes are a few initiatives that involve components of both approaches. A qualitative review of current practice suggests that most adaptation activity is in the category of seeking to preserve human activities and infrastructure. This form of response is better termed 'resistance' than 'adaptation'. These conservative and short-term goals of protecting fixed assets and existing activities, are damaging to the environment, involve significant cost and increase future risk of catastrophic failure. Those measures that involve adaptation of human activities in response to the changing coastal environment are likely to be more sustainable in the longer term, but are politically more difficult to implement.
机译：气候变化的实现及其对沿海环境和沿海社区的潜在影响促使人们在“适应”领域开展了许多活动。适应通常被视为应对气候变化的行动，旨在限制其影响和/或为人类社会带来一些好处。在本文中，我们考虑了应对沿海洪灾和衰退的双重风险的适应措施，由于全球气候变化，这两种风险的频率/速率和幅度都有可能增加。适应行动根据（ⅰ）人类活动或（ⅱ）物理沿海环境的计划改造程度在频谱上进行分类。范围的一端是一系列活动，涉及改变人类活动以适应不断变化的环境（例如，创新的建筑设计，基础设施和/或人员的安置，土地使用或生计的改变）。另一个极端是涉及抵制环境变化以维护现有基础设施和人类活动的活动（例如，建造或提高防洪能力，建造或加固海堤，滋养海滩）。在这两种极端之间，有一些倡议涉及这两种方法。对当前做法的定性审查表明，大多数适应活动都属于寻求保护人类活动和基础设施的类别。这种回应形式更好地称为“抵抗”，而不是“适应”。这些保护固定资产和现有活动的保守和短期目标正在损害环境，涉及大量成本，并增加了未来灾难性失败的风险。从长远来看，那些涉及适应人类活动以适应不断变化的沿海环境的措施可能更可持续，但在政治上则更难实施。

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  • 来源
    《Ocean & coastal management》 |2014年第6期|90-98|共9页
  • 作者

    J.A.G. Cooper; J. Pile;

  • 作者单位

    School of Environmental Science, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, Coleraine BT52 1SA, United Kingdom;

    Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore, Singapore;

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