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Oil spill hazard and risk assessment for the shorelines of a Mediterranean coastal archipelago

机译：地中海沿岸群岛海岸线的溢油危害和风险评估

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摘要

Oil spill is a serious threat for all marine and coastal environments. This is even more true for areas having high environmental, social and/or touristic value. A serious and scientifically rigorous identification of the hazard and risk related to oil slicks is becoming mandatory, in order to reduce or mitigate the impact of oil dispersal at sea and its stranding. A new model based method for evaluating hazard of oil slicks contact with shorelines of the Archipelago of La Maddalena (Strait of Bonifacio, Sardinia, Italy) has been developed and applied. The core of the methodology is a coastal 3D finite elements model, able to simulate hydrodynamics and waves of the strait of Bonifacio and, through a Lagrangian module, the physical/chemical fate of the oil at sea. In order to estimate the hazard due to oil slicks for the Archipelago and Northern Sardinia shorelines, a two-years interannual experiment has been conducted. An hazard index, given by the ratio between the oil concentration reaching each predefined coastal cell and the maximum stranded concentration, has been computed and mapped by using geostatistic tools in GIS environment. Temporal and spatial variability as well as the climatological distribution of the hazard index were therefore described: this can be an useful information for local authorities in order to efficiently manage oil slick emergencies. A significant temporal and spatial variability has been observed in the distribution of the hazard index, showing highest values for winter months, in agreement with stronger wind-induced currents. Large hazard values were found mainly along westerly exposed shorelines, as expected considering the prevalence of westerly winds blowing through the Strait. In order to assess the risk, such a hazard index can be easily combined with quali-quantitative factors of vulnerability of the coastal environment, assuming the risk is the product of hazard and vulnerability. Two of the most important factors of vulnerability have been combined with the hazard index: the shores geomorphology and the level of environmental protection (proxy for the environmental value). The southern side of Spargi Island shows the highest risk values, because of coincident presence of large hazard index values, beaches presenting last classes of geomorphological vulnerability and a moderate/ high level of protection.
机译：漏油对所有海洋和沿海环境都是严重的威胁。对于具有高环境，社会和/或旅游价值的地区，情况更是如此。为了减少或减轻海上石油扩散及其搁浅的影响，对与浮油有关的危害和风险进行认真，科学严密的识别已成为强制性措施。已经开发并应用了一种新的基于模型的方法来评估浮油与拉马达莱纳群岛（博尼法西奥海峡，撒丁岛，意大利）的海岸线接触的危害。该方法的核心是沿海3D有限元模型，该模型能够模拟Bonifacio海峡的流体动力学和波动，并通过拉格朗日模块模拟海上石油的物理/化学命运。为了评估群岛和北撒丁岛海岸线浮油的危害，已进行了为期两年的年度实验。通过在GIS环境中使用地统计工具计算并绘制了危害指数，该指数由到达每个预定义海岸单元的油浓度与最大滞留浓度之比得出。因此，描述了时空变异性以及危害指数的气候分布：这对于地方当局来说是有用的信息，以便有效地处理浮油紧急情况。在危险指数的分布中观察到了显着的时空变化，显示冬季最高值，这与较强的风流一致。考虑到西风吹过海峡的普遍性，预计主要在沿西风暴露的海岸线附近发现较大的危险值。为了评估风险，可以将这样的危害指数与沿海环境脆弱性的定性定量指标轻松组合，假设风险是危害和脆弱性的产物。脆弱性的两个最重要因素已与危险指数相结合：海岸地貌和环境保护水平（代表环境价值）。 Spargi岛的南侧显示出最高的风险值，这是因为同时存在着较大的危险指数值，海滩呈现出最后的地貌脆弱性和中等/高水平的防护。

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  • 来源
    《Ocean & coastal management》 |2012年第3期|p.44-52|共9页
  • 作者

    Antonio Olita; Andrea Cucco; Simone Simeone; Alberto Ribotti; Leopoldo Fazioli; Barbara Sorgente; Roberto Sorgente;

  • 作者单位

    IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Loc. Sa Mardini, 09170 Torregrande, Oristano (OR), Italy;

    IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Loc. Sa Mardini, 09170 Torregrande, Oristano (OR), Italy;

    IMC - International Marine Centre, Loc. Sa Mardini, 09170 Torregrande, Oristano (OR), Italy;

    IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Loc. Sa Mardini, 09170 Torregrande, Oristano (OR), Italy;

    IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Loc. Sa Mardini, 09170 Torregrande, Oristano (OR), Italy;

    Ente Parco Nazionaie dell'Arcipelago di La Maddalena, Via Ciulio Cesare 7, 07024 La Maddalena, OT, Italy;

    IAMC-CNR, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Loc. Sa Mardini, 09170 Torregrande, Oristano (OR), Italy;

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