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Marine protected areas in Puerto Rico: Historical and current perspectives

机译：波多黎各海洋保护区：历史和当前观点

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In Puerto Rico, the environmental legislation for establishing marine protected areas (MPAs) is complex due to its current political position with the United States (US) as not only local but also federal US laws affect designations. Historically, during the Spanish rule, mangrove forests were protected for extractive reasons (i.e., charcoal) and the first protected area was established by 1918 as an Insular Forest. Currently, of the 37 MPAs recognized and investigated in this work, the vast majority (73%) are Natural Reserves, followed by Commonwealth Forests (13.5%). Most MPAs in Puerto Rico were implemented using a top-down approach (i.e., government) which follows US federal guidelines for protecting endangered species, critical habitats, and natural and cultural resources. The development of management plans for MPAs on the island is increasingly adopting a public participatory process. However, this latter process is new for the government of Puerto Rico that has not incorporated a policy based on an Integrated Coastal Management.
机译：在波多黎各，建立海洋保护区（MPA）的环境立法非常复杂，这是由于其在美国的当前政治地位，因为不仅本地法律，而且美国联邦法律都会影响指定工作。从历史上看，在西班牙统治期间，红树林由于采摘性原因（即木炭）得到保护，第一个保护区于1918年被建立为岛屿森林。当前，在这项工作中被认可和调查的37个MPA中，绝大多数（73％）是自然保护区，其次是英联邦森林（13.5％）。波多黎各的大多数海洋保护区都是采用自上而下的方法（即政府）实施的，该方法遵循美国联邦保护濒危物种，重要栖息地以及自然和文化资源的准则。岛上海洋保护区管理计划的制定越来越多地采用公众参与的过程。但是，对于波多黎各政府而言，后一个过程是新的，该政府尚未纳入基于沿海综合管理的政策。

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