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Tidal and wind-driven surface currents in the German Bight: HFR observations versus model simulations

机译：德国湾中的潮汐和风驱动地表电流：HFR观测与模型模拟

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摘要

Tidal and wind-driven surface currents in the German Bight between shallow mudflats of the North Frisian islands and the island of Helgoland are studied using coastal high-frequency radar (HFR) observations and hindcasts from a primitive equation numerical model. The setup of the observational system is described, and estimates of expected measurement errors are given. A quantitative comparison of numerical model results and observations is performed. The dominant tidal components are extracted from the two data sources using tidal harmonic analysis and the corresponding tidal ellipses are defined. Results show that the spatial patterns of different tidal ellipse parameters are consistent in the two data sets. Model sensitivity studies with constant and variable salinity and tem- perature distributions are used to study density-related mechanisms of circulation. Furthermore, the role of the surface wind field in driving the German Bight circulation is investigated using the complex correlation between wind and surface current vectors. The observed change of the respective correlation patterns from the coastal to open ocean is shown to be due to a combination of density effects, the coastline and topography. The overall conclusion is that HFR observations resolve the small-scale and rapidly evolving characteristics of coastal currents well in the studied area and could present an important component for regional operational oceanography when combined with numerical modelling. Some unresolved issues associated with the complex circulation and large instability of circulation in front of the Elbe River Estuary justify further considerations of this area using dedicated surveys and modelling efforts.
机译：使用沿海高频雷达（HFR）观测结果和原始方程数值模型的后兆，研究了北弗里斯兰群岛和黑尔戈兰岛的浅滩之间德国湾中的潮汐和风驱动的地表电流。描述了观测系统的设置，并给出了预期的测量误差的估计值。对数值模型结果和观测值进行定量比较。使用潮汐谐波分析从两个数据源中提取主要潮汐分量，并定义相应的潮汐椭圆。结果表明，两个数据集中不同潮汐椭圆参数的空间格局是一致的。具有恒定和可变盐度和温度分布的模型敏感性研究用于研究与密度有关的循环机制。此外，利用风与地表电流矢量之间的复杂相关性，研究了地表风场在推动德国海岸线环流中的作用。观察到的从沿海到远洋的各种相关模式的变化是由于密度效应，海岸线和地形的综合作用所致。总的结论是，高阻滞率观测很好地解决了研究区域内沿海流的小规模和迅速发展的特征，当与数值模拟相结合时，可能为区域业务海洋学提供重要组成部分。与易北河河口前复杂的环流和较大的环流不稳定相关的一些未解决的问题，通过专门的调查和建模工作进一步考虑了该地区。

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