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首页> 外文期刊>Oceanography >Chemical Composition of Macondo and Other Crude Oils and Compositional Alterations During Oil Spills
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Chemical Composition of Macondo and Other Crude Oils and Compositional Alterations During Oil Spills

机译：Macondo和其他原油的化学组成以及漏油期间的成分变化

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摘要

Crude oils are some of the most complex and diverse organic mixtures found in nature. They contain thousands of different compounds belonging to several compound classes, with the main ones being hydrocarbons and their heteroatom (N, S, and O)-containing analogs, called non-hydrocarbons. In general, all crude oils contain the same types of chemical structures, but these compounds can be in highly variable proportions in crude oils drawn from different reservoir conditions and locations. Both the types of compounds and their respective quantities change rapidly once the crude oil is spilled into the environment, making the circumstances associated with every spill unique. In general, smaller and lower molecular weight oil compounds are more susceptible to processes such as evaporation, dissolution, and biodegradation, while the heavier, more hydrophobic compounds tend to adhere to living organisms or particulates and persist. The presence of certain compounds, such as PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), also determines the acute and chronic toxicity of the spilled oil. Natural processes can degrade virtually all compounds in crude oils, with aerobic oxidation proceeding much faster than anaerobic degradation, although not all crude oil components are degraded with the same speed. The environmental fate and effects of crude oil degraded by biodegradation and photooxidation are yet to be fully determined. Due to the submarine and offshore setting of the Macondo well blowout, components of the spilled oil were distributed throughout the marine environment-water column, sediments, surface waters, and the coast. The light and nonviscous nature of Macondo crude oil favored its removal through natural degradation, evaporation, dissolution, and dispersal processes. In spite of the unprecedented quantities of oil that spilled, the final fate and effects of the oil, the more recalcitrant fractions of Macondo oil, and the oil weathering products have not been totally elucidated. Responders with knowledge of the physical properties of the Macondo oil executed their preplanned response efforts and kept a majority of the oil from reaching the more sensitive coastal areas.
机译：原油是自然界中最复杂，种类最丰富的有机混合物。它们包含数千种不同的化合物，它们属于几种化合物类别，主要化合物是烃及其含杂原子（N，S和O）的类似物，称为非烃。通常，所有原油都包含相同类型的化学结构，但是在从不同储层条件和位置开采的原油中，这些化合物的比例可能变化很大。一旦原油泄漏到环境中，化合物的类型及其各自的数量都会迅速变化，从而使与每次泄漏相关的情况都独一无二。通常，较小和较低分子量的油化合物更容易受到蒸发，溶解和生物降解等过程的影响，而较重，疏水性更高的化合物则倾向于粘附在生物体或颗粒上并持续存在。某些化合物（如PAHs（多环芳烃））的存在还决定了漏油的急性和慢性毒性。天然过程实际上可以降解原油中的所有化合物，其中好氧氧化的速度要比厌氧降解快得多，尽管并非所有原油组分都以相同的速度降解。通过生物降解和光氧化降解的原油的环境命运和影响尚未完全确定。由于Macondo井喷的潜艇和近海环境，泄漏的油的成分分布在整个海洋环境中-水柱，沉积物，地表水和海岸。 Macondo原油的轻质和非粘性性质有利于通过自然降解，蒸发，溶解和分散过程将其去除。尽管漏出的石油数量空前，但最终的命运和影响，Macondo油中难降解的部分以及油的耐候性产品尚未完全阐明。了解Macondo油物理特性的响应者执行了预先计划的响应工作，并阻止了大多数油到达更敏感的沿海地区。

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