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Circulation in the Philippine Archipelago

机译：菲律宾群岛的流通

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摘要

Three ocean models, 1/25° global HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM), 1/12° global HYCOM, and East Asian Seas Navy Coastal Ocean Model (EAS NCOM) nested in global NCOM, were used to provide a global context for simulation of the circulation within the Philippine Archipelago as part of the Philippine Straits Dynamics Experiment (PhilEx). The Philippine Archipelago provides two significant secondary routes for both the Indonesian throughflow and the western boundary current of the Pacific northern tropical gyre. The deeper route enters the archipelago from the north through Mindoro Strait, after passing through Luzon Strait and the South China Sea. The second route enters directly from the Pacific via the shallow Surigao Strait and passes through Dipolog Strait downstream of the Bohol Sea. Both pathways exit via Sibutu Passage and the adjacent Sulu Archipelago along the southern edge of the Sulu Sea, and both are deeper than the pathway into the Indonesian Archipelago via Karimata Strait in the Java Sea. Within the Philippine Archipelago, these pathways make the dominant contribution to the mean circulation and much of its variability, while their outflow contributes to the flow through Makassar Strait, the primary conduit of the Indonesian throughflow, at all depths above the Sibutu Passage sill. Because of the narrow straits and small interior seas, the simulations are very sensitive to model resolution (4.4 km in 1/25° global HYCOM, 8.7 km in 1/12° global HYCOM, and 9.6 km in EAS NCOM in this latitude range) and to topographic errors, especially sill depths. The model simulations for 2004 and 2008 (the latter the central year of the PhilEx observational program) show extreme opposite anomalous years with anomalously strong southward Mindoro transport in 2004 and mean northward transport in 2008, but with little effect on the Surigao-Dipolog transport. Satellite altimetry verified the associated HYCOM sea surface height anomalies in the western tropical Pacific and the South China Sea during these extreme years. A 15-month (December 2007-March 2009) PhilEx mooring in Mindoro Strait measured velocity nearly top to bottom at a location close to the sill. The 1/12° global HYCOM, which showed the strongest flow above 200 m lay west of the mooring, was used to adjust a Mindoro transport estimate from the mooring data for cross-sectional distribution of the velocity, giving 0.24 Sv northward over the anomalous observational period. The results from the observational period were then used to adjust the 2004-2009 model transport, giving a mean of 0.95 Sv southward. The 1/25° global HYCOM simulated the observed four-layer flow in Dipolog Strait and the vigorous and persistent cyclonic gyre in the western Bohol Sea, observed during all four PhilEx cruises and in ocean color imagery. This gyre was poorly simulated by the two models with ~ 9 km resolution. Finally, a 1/12° global HYCOM simulation with tides generated the hydrostatic aspect of the internal tides within the Philippine Archipelago, including a strong internal tidal beam initiated at Sibutu Passage and observed crossing the Sulu Sea.
机译：三种海洋模型，嵌套在全球NCOM中的1/25°全球混合坐标海洋模型（HYCOM），1/12°全球HYCOM和东亚海域海军沿海海洋模型（EAS NCOM）为模拟提供了全局背景菲律宾海峡动力学实验（PhilEx）的一部分，介绍菲律宾群岛内的环流。菲律宾群岛为印尼的通流和太平洋北部热带环流的西边界流提供了两条重要的次要路线。较深的路线经过吕宋海峡和南中国海后，从北部穿过明多洛海峡进入群岛。第二条路线直接从太平洋经浅水苏里高海峡进入，并经过薄荷海下游的Dipolog海峡。两条路径都通过Sibutu通道和苏禄海南部边缘的邻近苏禄群岛出口，并且都比通过爪哇海的卡里马塔海峡进入印度尼西亚群岛的路径更深。在菲律宾群岛内，这些路径对平均环流及其大部分变化起着主要作用，而它们的流出则有助于流经锡布杜河通道基石上方所有深度的印尼通流的主要管道望加锡海峡。由于海峡狭窄且内部海洋较小，因此模拟对模型分辨率非常敏感（在此纬度范围内，全球1/25°HYCOM中为4.4 km，全球1/12°HYCOM中为8.7 km，EAS NCOM中为9.6 km）以及地形误差，尤其是门槛深度。 2004年和2008年（PhilEx观测计划的后一个中心年）的模型模拟显示了极端相反的异常年份，2004年的Mindoro向南运输异常强劲，而2008年的平均向北运输异常，但对Surigao-Dipolog运输影响不大。卫星测高仪验证了这些极端年份西部热带太平洋和南中国海相关的HYCOM海面高度异常。在明多洛海峡停泊了15个月（2007年12月至2009年3月）的PhilEx在靠近门槛的位置测量了从上到下的速度。全球1/12°HYCOM在系泊以西200 m以上显示出最强的流量，它被用来根据系泊数据调整Mindoro运输估计值以进行速度的横截面分布，从而在异常区域向北给出0.24 Sv观察期。然后将观测期的结果用于调整2004-2009年的模式运输，向南平均为0.95 Sv。 1/25°全球HYCOM模拟了在四次PhilEx航行和海洋彩色图像中观察到的在Dipolog海峡观察到的四层流动以及在渤海西部的剧烈而持久的气旋回旋。这两种模型均无法以约9 km的分辨率模拟该回旋。最后，用潮汐进行的1/12°全球HYCOM模拟在菲律宾群岛内产生了内部潮汐的静水压力，包括在Sibutu通道发起并观察到穿过苏禄海的强内部潮汐束。

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  • 来源
    《Oceanography》 |2011年第1期|p.28-47|共20页
  • 作者

    HARLEY E. HURLBURT; E. JOSEPH METZGER; JANET SPRINTALL; SHELLEY N. RIEDLINGER; ROBERT A. ARNONE; TOSHIAKI SHINODA; XIAOBIAO XU;

  • 作者单位

    Naval Research Laboratory (NRL),Stennis Space Center, MS, USA;

    Oceanography Division, NRL, Stennis Space Center, MS, USA;

    Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La]olla, CA, USA;

    Oceanography Division, NRL, Stennis Space Center, MS, USA;

    Oceanography Division, NRL, Stennis Space Center, MS, USA;

    Oceanography Division, NRL, Stennis Space Center, MS, USA;

    Department of Marine Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi,Stennis Space Center, MS, USA;

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