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An Experiment in Institutional Transformation

机译：制度变迁的实验

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Following the Civil War, women in New York City began to clamor for advanced education at Columbia University. Although the professors of the classics felt that women in the classroom were a distraction, women were welcomed into geology, physics, and chemistry classes (Rosenberg, 2004). For almost thirty years, women learned, side by side with men, in geology classes until the School of Engineering-then one of the largest schools at Columbia University-determined that it was improper for women and men to conduct fieldwork together, The School enacted a ban on women in the later 1890s, a ban enforced until the height of the Second World War. Despite this deterrent, women continued to study geology at both Columbia College and Barnard College. The first woman to receive her Ph.D. in geology from Columbia University was Lea McIlvaine Luquer, who submitted a thesis in 1894 entitled, "The optical recognition and economic importance of the common mineral found in building stones: The relative effects of frost and the sulphate soda tests on building stones."
机译：内战之后，纽约市的妇女开始大声疾呼哥伦比亚大学接受高等教育。尽管经典教授们认为教室里的女性会让人分心，但还是欢迎女性参加地质，物理和化学课程（Rosenberg，2004）。在将近三十年的历史中，女性与男性并肩学习了地质课，直到工程学院-当时哥伦比亚大学最大的学校之一-确定了男女共同开展野外工作是不适当的，该学院制定了1890年代后期对妇女的禁令，直到第二次世界大战最激烈的时期才实施了禁令。尽管有这种威慑力，妇女仍继续在哥伦比亚学院和巴纳德学院学习地质学。第一位获得博士学位的女性Lea McIlvaine Luquer是哥伦比亚大学的地质学专家，他在1894年提交了一篇论文，题为“建筑石材中常见矿物的光学识别和经济重要性：霜和硫酸盐苏打测试对建筑石材的相对影响”。

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