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首页> 外文期刊>Oecologia >Incubation temperature and phenotypic traits of Sceloporus undulatus: implications for the northern limits of distribution
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Incubation temperature and phenotypic traits of Sceloporus undulatus: implications for the northern limits of distribution

机译：钝顶Sc的孵化温度和表型性状：对分布北部界限的影响

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Cold environmental temperature is detrimental to reproduction by oviparous squamate reptiles by prolonging incubation period, negatively affecting embryonic developmental processes, and by killing embryos in eggs directly. Because low soil temperature may prevent successful development of embryos in eggs in nests, the geographic distributions of oviparous species may be influenced by the thermal requirements of embryos. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that low incubation temperature determines the northern distributional limit of the oviparous lizard Sceloporus undulatus. To compare the effects of incubation temperature on incubation length, egg and hatchling survival, and hatchling phenotypic traits, we incubated eggs of S. undulatus under temperature treatments that simulated the thermal environment that eggs would experience if located in nests within their geographic range at 37°N and north of the species’ present geographic range at latitudes of 44 and 42°N. After hatching, snout–vent length (SVL), mass, tail length, body condition (SVL relative to mass), locomotor performance, and growth rate were measured for each hatchling. Hatchlings were released at a field site to evaluate growth and survival under natural conditions. Incubation at temperatures simulating those of nests at 44°N prolonged incubation and resulted in hatchlings with shorter SVL relative to mass, shorter tails, shorter hind limb span, slower growth, and lower survival than hatchlings from eggs incubated at temperatures simulating those of nests at 37 and 42°N. We also evaluated the association between environmental temperature and the northern distribution of S. undulatus. We predicted that the northernmost distributional limit of S. undulatus would be associated with locations that provide the minimum heat sum (∼495 degree-days) required to complete embryonic development. Based on air and soil temperatures, the predicted northern latitudinal limit of S. undulatus would lie at ∼40.5–41.5°N. Our predicted value closely corresponds to the observed latitudinal limit in the eastern United States of ∼40°N. Our results suggest that soil temperatures at northern latitudes are not warm enough for a sufficient length of time to permit successful incubation of S. undulatus embryos. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that incubation temperature is an important factor limiting the geographic distributions of oviparous reptile species at high latitudes and elevations.
机译：寒冷的环境温度会延长潜伏期，不利于胚胎的发育过程，并直接杀死卵中的胚胎，不利于卵形鳞状爬行动物的繁殖。由于较低的土壤温度可能会阻止巢中卵中胚胎的成功发育，因此卵的种类分布可能受胚胎的热量需求影响。在本研究中，我们检验了以下假设：较低的孵育温度决定了卵生蜥蜴Sceloporus undulatus的北方分布极限。为了比较孵化温度对孵化长度，卵和孵化存活率以及孵化表型性状的影响，我们在温度处理下温育了沙棘沙门氏菌的卵，该处理模拟了卵位于其地理范围内的巢中时会经历的热环境，温度为37 °N和该物种的当前地理范围北纬分别为44和42°N。孵化后，测量每个孵化的口鼻长度（SVL），质量，尾巴长度，身体状况（相对于质量的S​​VL），运动能力和生长速率。幼体在野外被释放以评估自然条件下的生长和存活。与在模拟温度下在巢中孵化的卵孵化相比，在44°N下模拟巢中的温度孵化会延长孵化时间，导致孵化出的SVL相对于质量而言较短，尾巴较短，后肢跨度较短，生长较慢，且存活率较低。 37和42°N。我们还评估了环境温度与沙门氏菌北部分布之间的关联。我们预测，S。undulatus的最北端分布极限将与提供完成胚胎发育所需的最小热量（约495度-天）的位置相关。根据空气和土壤温度，预测的沙丘沙门氏菌北纬度北纬约为40.5-41.5°N。我们的预测值与美国东部约40°N的经纬度极限密切对应。我们的结果表明，北纬地区的土壤温度不够温暖，无法持续足够长的时间，无法成功孵化und。S. undulatus胚胎。这些结果与以下假设相吻合：孵化温度是限制高纬度和高海拔卵生爬行动物物种地理分布的重要因素。

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