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Forest without prey: livestock sustain a leopard Panthera pardus population in Pakistan

机译：没有猎物的森林：牲畜维持了巴基斯坦豹豹的数量

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Human-carnivore conflict is one of the major challenges in the management of populations of large carnivores. Concerns include the increasing human population; habitat loss as a result of degradation and fragmentation of forest; and livestock predation as a result of a lack of natural prey, leading to retaliatory killings of wild carnivores. Conflicts may be further aggravated by occasional attacks that result in injury and loss of human life. The level of consumption of prey species by a predator is a benchmark to evaluate the scale of this conflict. We used a newly developed DNA-based diet analysis to study the prey profile of common leopards Panthera pardus in Ayubia National Park, Pakistan. The results suggest that the common leopard is a generalist predator, subsisting mainly on domestic animals. Based on the frequency of occurrence of prey items in 57 faecal samples, the diet of the leopard is dominated by domestic goat Capra hircus (64.9%), followed by domestic dog Canis lupus familiaris (17.5%) and cow Bos taurus (12.3%). Domestic animals (goat, dog, cow, water buffalo Bubalus bubalis, horse Equus caballus and sheep Ovis aries) occurred in 54 (95%) of the 57 samples. We recommend a two-step strategy to mitigate this conflict: (1) introducing incentives for increased acceptance of leopards among local communities in the vicinity of the protected area and (2) increasing the availability of wild prey. We hope that the results of this study will contribute to the survival of the leopard in Pakistan.
机译：食肉动物的冲突是大型食肉动物种群管理中的主要挑战之一。关注的问题包括人口的增长；森林退化和破碎造成的生境丧失；以及由于缺乏天然猎物而导致的牲畜捕食，导致报复性杀死野生食肉动物。偶尔的攻击可能会进一步加重冲突，导致人员受伤和生命损失。捕食者对猎物物种的消费水平是评估这一冲突规模的基准。我们使用了一种新开发的基于DNA的饮食分析方法来研究巴基斯坦阿尤比亚国家公园常见豹豹的捕食情况。结果表明，普通豹是通才捕食者，主要以家畜为生。根据57个粪便样本中猎物的出现频率，豹的饮食以家养山羊山羊hircus（64.9％），家养犬天狼犬（17.5％）和牛金牛座（12.3％）为主导。 。在57个样本中，有54个（95％）出现了家畜（山羊，狗，牛，水牛，野马，马属马和绵羊Ovis aries）。我们建议采取两步策略来缓解这种冲突：（1）引入激励措施，在保护区附近的当地社区中增加对豹子的接受度；（2）增加野生猎物的可利用性。我们希望这项研究的结果将有助于豹子在巴基斯坦的生存。

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