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The conservation costs and economic benefits of using biodiversity offsets to meet international targets for protected area expansion

机译：利用生物多样性补偿实现保护区扩大的国际目标的保护成本和经济效益

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Aichi Biodiversity Target 11 under the Convention on Biological Diversity sets out to conserve at least 17% of terrestrial area by 2020. However, few countries are on track to meet this target and it is uncertain whether developing countries have allocated sufficient resources to expand their protected areas. Biodiversity offsets could resolve this conservation shortfall if developers who affect biodiversity negatively at one locality are made responsible for its protection elsewhere. Here we simulate the use of biodiversity offsetting to expand protected area coverage in South Africa's grassland biome. South Africa's biodiversity offsets policy has been designed specifically to compensate for the residual loss of biodiversity caused by development, by establishing and managing protected areas within the same ecosystem type. We show that it is possible to meet protected area targets using only offsets, while facilitating economic development. However, doing so could slash the current extent of intact habitat by half. These losses could be reduced considerably should the gains in protected areas through offsetting supplement rather than supplant existing government commitments to protected area expansion. Moreover, supplementing existing government commitments would result in comparatively small reductions in potential economic gains, because the marginal economic benefit of transforming habitat decreases as more intact habitat is lost. Therefore, the intended role of biodiversity offsetting in achieving a country's protected area target should be made explicit to fully understand the associated trade-offs between conservation and economic development.
机译：《生物多样性公约》中的爱知生物多样性指标11规定到2020年至少保护17％的陆地面积。然而，很少有国家能够实现这一指标，而且不确定发展中国家是否分配了足够的资源来扩大其保护范围地区。如果在某个地方对生物多样性造成负面影响的开发商被要求对其他地方的生物多样性负责，那么生物多样性补偿可以解决这一保护方面的不足。在这里，我们模拟了利用生物多样性补偿来扩大南非草原生物群落中保护区覆盖范围的情况。南非的生物多样性抵消政策旨在通过建立和管理同一生态系统类型内的保护区来补偿由于发展造成的生物多样性残留损失。我们表明，仅使用补偿即可实现保护区目标，同时促进经济发展。但是，这样做可能会使目前的完整栖息地范围减少一半。如果通过抵消补助金而不是取代现有的政府对保护区扩大的承诺，保护区的收益可以大大减少。此外，补充现有的政府承诺将导致潜在的经济收益相对较小的减少，因为随着更多完整栖息地的丧失，改变栖息地的边际经济利益将减少。因此，应明确生物多样性抵消在实现国家保护区目标中的预期作用，以充分了解保护与经济发展之间的相关权衡。

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