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Statistical real-time communication over Ethernet

机译：以太网统计实时通信

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In order to realize real-time communication over Ethernet or fast Ethernet, one must be able to bound the medium access time within an acceptable limit. The multiple access nature of Ethernet makes it impossible to guarantee a deterministic medium access time (hence, packet-delivery deadlines) to individual stations. However, one can bound the medium access time statistically by limiting the packet-arrival rate at the medium access control (MAC) layer. While considering automated manufacturing systems as the main target application, this paper addresses the connection admission control (CAC) problem for statistically bounding the medium access time of Ethernet. Specifically, a packet is guaranteed to have a medium access time smaller than a predefined bound with a certain probability if the instantaneous packet-arrival rate is kept below a certain threshold. Through a mathematical analysis, we first derived such a threshold. In order to keep the packet-arrival rate under the given threshold, we developed and installed middleware which 1) resides between the transport layer and the Ethernet datalink layer, and 2) smooths packet streams between them. The implementation of this middleware requires only a minimal change in the OS kernel without modification to the current standard of Ethernet MAC protocol or TCP or UDP/IP stack. In order to solve the CAC problem, we derived the probability of transmitting a packet successfully upon each trial by modeling the MAC protocol, 1-persistent CSMA/CD, and the collision resolution protocol inary exponential backoff - of Ethernet. Our in-depth simulation results have shown this analytic model to provide a reasonably accurate estimate of packet-loss (or deadline-miss) ratio over fast Ethernet. Finally, we implemented the middleware on the Linux OS, experimentally demonstrating the effectiveness of our approach in providing real-time communication over Ethernet.
机译：为了实现通过以太网或快速以太网的实时通信，必须能够将媒体访问时间限制在可接受的范围内。以太网的多重访问特性使得无法保证对各个站点的确定性介质访问时间（因此，数据包交付期限）。但是，可以通过限制媒体访问控制（MAC）层的数据包到达速率来统计地限制媒体访问时间。在考虑将自动化制造系统作为主要目标应用的同时，本文针对统计上限制以太网介质访问时间的连接准入控制（CAC）问题进行了探讨。具体地，如果瞬时分组到达率保持在特定阈值以下，则以一定的概率保证分组具有小于预定界限的介质访问时间。通过数学分析，我们首先得出这样的阈值。为了将数据包到达率保持在给定的阈值以下，我们开发并安装了中间件，该中间件1）位于传输层和以太网数据链路层之间，2）平滑它们之间的数据包流。该中间件的实现只需要对OS内核进行最小的更改，而无需修改以太网MAC协议或TCP或UDP / IP堆栈的当前标准。为了解决CAC问题，我们通过对MAC协议，1-persistent CSMA / CD和冲突解决协议的原始指数退缩-以太网进行建模，得出每次试验成功传输数据包的概率。我们的深入仿真结果表明，该分析模型可以对快速以太网上的丢包率（或截止期限丢失）进行合理准确的估计。最后，我们在Linux OS上实现了中间件，通过实验证明了我们的方法在通过以太网提供实时通信方面的有效性。

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