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Numerical simulations of very large impacts on the Earth

机译：对地球的巨大影响的数值模拟

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Vertical impacts on the Earth of asteroids 500-3000 km in diameter at 15 km/s have been numerically modelled using the hydrodynamic SOVA code. This code has been modified for the spherical system of coordinates well suited for simulations of very large impacts when the entire Earth is involved in motion. The simulations include cratering process, upward motion of deep mantle layers, fall of ejecta on the Earth, escape of matter to space, and formation of rock vapour atmospheres. The calculations were made for the period preceding disappearance of rock vapour atmospheres caused by radiation several years after the largest impacts. For very large vertical impacts at 15 km/s, escaping masses proved to be negligibly small. Quantities of kinetic, internal, potential, and radiated away energies are obtained as functions of time and space. After the impacts, a global layer of condensed ejecta covers the whole of the Earth's surface and the ejecta energy is sufficient to vaporise an ocean 3 km deep. The mass of rock vapour atmosphere is 10-23% of the impactor mass. This atmosphere has a greater mass than the water atmosphere if impactor is 2000 km in diameter or larger.
机译：直径为500-3000 km的小行星以15 km / s的速度对地球的垂直影响已使用水动力SOVA代码进行了数值模拟。该代码已针对球面坐标系进行了修改，非常适合在整个地球都参与运动时模拟非常大的撞击。模拟包括火山口形成过程，深层地幔向上运动，地球上喷射的坠落，物质向太空的逸出以及岩石蒸气大气的形成。计算是针对最大影响后数年因辐射造成的岩石蒸气大气消失之前的时期。对于15 km / s的非常大的垂直冲击力，逃逸质量很小。获得的动能，内能，势能和辐射能的数量是时间和空间的函数。撞击之后，凝结的喷射水的全球层覆盖了地球的整个表面，并且喷射水的能量足以蒸发3公里深的海洋。岩石蒸气气氛的质量为撞击器质量的10-23％。如果撞击器的直径大于或等于2000 km，则该气氛的质量大于水气氛的质量。

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