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Incisor-molar relationships in chimpanzees and other hominoids: implications for diet and phylogeny

机译：黑猩猩和其他类人动物的门齿-摩尔关系：对饮食和系统发育的影响

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摘要

In chimpanzees, the cutting edge of the incisor battery is longer in relation to the length of the molar row than in any other hominoid, extant or fossil, the only other lineage approaching it being the orangutan. Apart from their increased mesio-distal dimensions, the upper and lower incisors of chimpanzees differ in additional ways from those of almost all other hominoids. The I2/ is enlarged, so that the difference in size between it and the central upper incisor is less than it is in the heteromorphic upper incisors of other hominoids. The lower incisors are expanded mesio-distally, so much so that isolated I/2 crowns can resemble upper central incisors. In chimpanzees the lingual surface of the lower incisors is generally more procumbent than it is in other hominoids, which have more vertically oriented incisor crowns and there is a greater difference in enamel thickness between labial and lingual sides. The re-orientation of the lower incisor crown is reflected in the root, which in lateral view is anteriorly concave in chimpanzees whereas it is more orthogonal or convex in other hominoids. The molars of chimpanzees, especially the lowers, have extensive and relatively deep occlusal basins, and the main cusps are peripheralised and labio-lingually compressed, making them more trenchant than those of other hominoids. This paper examines the incisor-lower molar proportions in extinct and living hominoids and develops a new hypothesis about the evolution of the dentition of chimpanzees and links it to their diet. It also examines the incisor-molar proportions of hominids and African apes in order to throw light on the phylogenetic relationships between them. It is shown that chimpanzees are highly derived in this respect and that several recent ideas concerning the chimp-like appearance of the last common ancestor of hominids and African apes are likely to be incorrect.
机译：在黑猩猩中，相对于臼齿排的长度，门齿组的刀刃比其他任何类人动物，现存动物或化石中的齿长，接近它的唯一其他系是猩猩。黑猩猩的上门牙和下门牙除了增加了近中距的尺寸外，还与几乎所有其他类人猿的门牙有所不同。 I2 /被放大，因此它和中央上切牙之间的大小差小于其他类人动物的异形上切牙中的大小。下门牙向近中方向扩展，以至于孤立的I / 2牙冠可类似于上中门牙。在黑猩猩中，下切牙的舌侧表面通常比其他类人动物更侧倾，其他类人猿的切齿冠在垂直方向上也更多，唇侧和舌侧之间的牙釉质厚度差异更大。下门齿冠的重新定向反映在根中，从侧面看，它在黑猩猩中是前凹的，而在其他类人动物中则是更正交或凸的。黑猩猩的臼齿，尤其是下部的臼齿，具有较宽的咬合面和相对较深的咬合面，并且主要的尖齿被外围化并且被舌侧压缩，使其比其他类人猿更尖锐。本文研究了灭绝的和活的类人猿中的门牙-较低的摩尔比，并提出了关于黑猩猩牙列进化的新假说并将其与饮食联系起来。它还检查了人猿和非洲猿的门齿-摩尔比例，以阐明它们之间的系统发育关系。研究表明，黑猩猩在这方面是高度衍生的，有关人猿和非洲猿的最后共同祖先的黑猩猩外观的一些最新观点很可能是错误的。

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