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首页> 外文期刊>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >Genetic adaptation to captivity can occur in a single generation
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Genetic adaptation to captivity can occur in a single generation

机译：对圈养的遗传适应可以在一代人中发生

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Captive breeding programs are widely used for the conservation and restoration of threatened and endangered species. Nevertheless, captive-born individuals frequently have reduced fitness when reintroduced into the wild. The mechanism for these fitness declines has remained elusive, but hypotheses include environmental effects of captive rearing, inbreeding among close relatives, relaxed natural selection, and unintentional domestication selection (adaptation to captivity). We used a multigenerational pedigree analysis to demonstrate that domestication selection can explain the precipitous decline in fitness observed in hatchery steelhead released into the Hood River in Oregon. After returning from the ocean, wild-born and first-generation hatchery fish were used as broodstock in the hatchery, and their offspring were released into the wild as smolts. First-generation hatchery fish had nearly double the lifetime reproductive success (measured as the number of returning adult offspring) when spawned in captivity compared with wild fish spawned under identical conditions, which is a clear demonstration of adaptation to captivity. We also documented a tradeoff among the wild-born broodstock: Those with the greatest fitness in a captive environment produced offspring that performed the worst in the wild. Specifically, captive-born individuals with five (the median) or more returning siblings (i.e., offspring of successful broodstock) averaged 0.62 returning offspring in the wild, whereas captive-born individuals with less than five siblings averaged 2.05 returning offspring in the wild. These results demonstrate that a single generation in captivity can result in a substantial response to selection on traits that are beneficial in captivity but severely maladaptive in the wild.
机译：圈养繁殖计划被广泛用于濒危和濒危物种的保护和恢复。然而，圈养出生的个体在被重新引入野外时常常会降低体能。这些适应性下降的机制仍然难以捉摸，但假设包括圈养，近亲近亲繁殖，自然选择放松和无意驯化选择（适应圈养）的环境影响。我们使用了多代谱系分析，证明驯化选择可以解释在俄勒冈州胡德河放出的孵化场硬头鱼观察到的健康急剧下降。从海洋返回后，野生的和第一代孵化场的鱼类被用作孵化场的亲鱼，它们的后代以软体动物的形式被释放到野外。与在相同条件下产卵的野生鱼相比，在圈养条件下产卵的第一代孵化鱼的一生繁殖成功率（以返回的成年后代数量衡量）几乎翻了一番。我们还记录了野生亲鱼之间的权衡：那些在圈养环境中适应能力最强的亲虾产生的后代在野外表现最差。具体来说，在野外有五个（中位数）或更多返乡兄弟姐妹（即成功亲虾的后代）的圈养出生个体在野外平均返回0.62，而在同胞中少于五个的圈养出生个体在野外平均返回2.05。这些结果表明，圈养的一代可以导致对对圈养有益但在野外严重适应不良的性状选择的实质性反应。

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