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首页> 外文期刊>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >Evolution in coyotes (Canis latrans) in response to the megafaunal extinctions
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Evolution in coyotes (Canis latrans) in response to the megafaunal extinctions

机译：应对大型动物灭绝的郊狼（Canis latrans）进化

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Living coyotes modify their behavior in the presence of larger carnivores, such as wolves. However, little is known about the effects of competitor presence or absence on morphological change in coyotes or wolves over long periods of time. We examined the evolution of coyotes and wolves through time from the late Pleistocene, during which many large carnivorous species coexisted as predators and competitors, to the Recent; this allowed us to investigate evolutionary changes in these species in response to climate change and megafaunal extinctions at the end of the Pleistocene. We measured postcranial skeletal morphologies of wolves (Canis lupus) and coyotes (C. latrans) from Pleistocene-aged tar deposits, as well as early, mid, and recent Holocene populations of both. We found few morphological differences between Pleistocene and Holocene wolf populations. Conversely, we found many differences in coyotes: Pleistocene coyotes were larger and more robust than Holocene populations. However, within 1,000 y of the megafaunal extinctions, coyotes are morphologically indistinguishable from modern populations. We cannot attribute these differences directly to climate change because modern coyotes do not follow Bergmann's rule, which states body size increases with decreasing temperature. Instead, we suggest that Pleistocene coy otes may have been larger and more robust in response to larger competitors and a larger-bodied prey base. Although we cannot separate competition from predator-prey interactions, this study indicates that the effects of biotic interactions can be detected in the fossil record.
机译：土狼在大型食肉动物（例如狼）的存在下会改变其行为。然而，关于竞争者的存在与否对狼或狼长期的形态变化的影响知之甚少。我们研究了从更新世晚期到新近时期的土狼和狼的进化过程，在更新世晚期，许多大型食肉动物作为掠食者和竞争者共存。这使我们能够研究这些物种响应更新世末期的气候变化和巨型动物灭绝的进化变化。我们测量了由更新世时期的焦油沉积物的狼（犬天狼疮）和土狼（C. latrans）的颅后骨骼形态，以及这两者的早期，中期和最近的种群。我们发现更新世和全新世狼种群之间的形态学差异很少。相反，我们发现土狼有许多差异：更新世的土狼比全新世的种群更大，更坚固。但是，在大型动物灭绝的1000年内，土狼在形态上与现代种群没有区别。我们不能将这些差异直接归因于气候变化，因为现代土狼没有遵循伯格曼定律，该定律指出，体温随温度降低而增加。取而代之的是，我们建议更新世的土狼可能更大，更健壮，以应对更大的竞争者和更大的猎物基础。尽管我们无法将竞争与捕食者与猎物的相互作用区分开，但这项研究表明，可以在化石记录中检测到生物相互作用的影响。

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