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首页> 外文期刊>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >The remarkable, yet not extraordinary, human brain as a scaled-up primate brain and its associated cost
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The remarkable, yet not extraordinary, human brain as a scaled-up primate brain and its associated cost

机译：作为规模化的灵长类动物大脑的非凡但并非非同寻常的人脑及其相关成本

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Neuroscientists have become used to a number of "facts" about the human brain: It has 100 billion neurons and 10- to 50-fold more glial cells; it is the largest-than-expected for its body among primates and mammals in general, and therefore the most cognitively able; it consumes an outstanding 20% of the total body energy budget despite representing only 2% of body mass because of an increased metabolic need of its neurons; and it is endowed with an overdeveloped cerebral cortex, the largest compared with brain size. These facts led to the widespread notion that the human brain is literally extraordinary: an outlier among mammalian brains, defying evolutionary rules that apply to other species, with a uniqueness seemingly necessary to justify the superior cognitive abilities of humans over mammals with even larger brains. These facts, with deep implications for neurophysiology and evolutionary biology, are not grounded on solid evidence or sound assumptions, however. Our recent development of a method that allows rapid and reliable quantification of the numbers of cells that compose the whole brain has provided a means to verify these facts. Here, I review this recent evidence and argue that, with 86 billion neurons and just as many nonneuronal cells, the human brain is a scaled-up primate brain in its cellular composition and metabolic cost, with a relatively enlarged cerebral cortex that does not have a relatively larger number of brain neurons yet is remarkable in its cognitive abilities and metabolism simply because of its extremely large number of neurons.
机译：神经科学家已经习惯了有关人脑的许多“事实”：它拥有1000亿个神经元，神经胶质细胞增加了10至50倍。在一般的灵长类动物和哺乳动物中，它的身体比预期的要大，因此具有最强的认知能力；尽管仅占体重的2％，但由于其神经元的新陈代谢需求增加，它仍消耗了人体总能量预算的20％；并拥有超发达的大脑皮层，与大脑的大小相比最大。这些事实导致了一个广泛的观念，即人脑实际上是非同寻常的：哺乳动物脑中的一个异常值，无视适用于其他物种的进化规则，其独特性似乎是必要的，以证明人具有比大脑更大的哺乳动物优越的认知能力。但是，这些事实对神经生理学和进化生物学有深远的影响，但并不是基于可靠的证据或合理的假设。我们最近开发的一种方法，可以快速，可靠地量化组成整个大脑的细胞数量，从而提供了一种验证这些事实的方法。在这里，我回顾了这一最新证据，并指出，人脑具有860亿个神经元和非神经细胞一样多，就其细胞组成和代谢成本而言，它是放大的灵长类动物大脑，而大脑皮层却相对较大，没有大脑神经元的数量相对较多，但仅由于其神经元数量过多，其认知能力和新陈代谢就非常出色。

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