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首页> 外文期刊>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >A hierarchical model of the evolution of human brain specializations
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A hierarchical model of the evolution of human brain specializations

机译：人脑专业发展的层次模型

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摘要

The study of information-processing adaptations in the brain is controversial, in part because of disputes about the form such adaptations might take. Many psychologists assume that adaptations come in two kinds, specialized and general-purpose. Specialized mechanisms are typically thought of as innate, domainspecific, and isolated from other brain systems, whereas generalized mechanisms are developmentally plastic, domain-general, and interactive. However, if brain mechanisms evolve through processes of descent with modification, they are likely to be heterogeneous, rather than coming in just two kinds. They are likely to be hierarchically organized, with some design features widely shared across brain systems and others specific to particular processes. Also, they are likely to be largely developmentally plastic and interactive with other brain systems, rather than canalized and isolated. This article presents a hierarchical model of brain specialization, reviewing evidence for the model from evolutionary developmental biology, genetics, brain mapping, and comparative studies. Implications for the search for uniquely human traits are discussed, along with ways in which conventional views of modularity in psychology may need to be revised.
机译：关于大脑中的信息处理适应性的研究存在争议，部分原因是关于这种适应性可能采取的形式存在争议。许多心理学家认为适应有两种，专业的和通用的。专门的机制通常被认为是先天的，特定于领域的，并且与其他大脑系统隔离，而广义的机制在发展上是可塑性的，领域一般的和互动的。但是，如果大脑机制通过有修饰的下降过程进化而来，则它们很可能是异质的，而不仅仅是两种。它们可能是按层次结构组织的，其中一些设计功能在整个大脑系统中广泛共享，而另一些则特定于特定过程。同样，它们在很大程度上可能是可塑性的，并且可以与其他大脑系统进行交互，而不是被导管化和隔离。本文介绍了大脑专业化的分层模型，并从进化发展生物学，遗传学，大脑作图和比较研究中回顾了该模型的证据。讨论了寻找独特的人类特征的含义，以及可能需要修改心理学中模块化传统观点的方式。

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