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首页> 外文期刊>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >Parasitoid-specific induction of plant responses to parasitized herbivores affects colonization by subsequent herbivores
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Parasitoid-specific induction of plant responses to parasitized herbivores affects colonization by subsequent herbivores

机译：植物对寄生虫草食动物的反应的拟寄生物特异性诱导影响随后的草食动物的定殖

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摘要

Plants are exposed to a suite of herbivorous attackers that often arrive sequentially. Herbivory affects interactions between the host plants and subsequently attacking herbivores. Moreover, plants may respond to herbivory by emitting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that attract carnivorous natural enemies of the herbivores. However, information borne by VOCs is ubiquitous and may attract carnivores, such as parasitoids, that differ in their effectiveness at releasing the plant from its herbivorous attackers. Furthermore, the development of parasitoids within their herbivorous hosts, attacking a given host plant, may influence the elic-itation of defensive reactions in the host plant. This may, in turn, affect the behavior of subsequent herbivores attacking the host plant. Here, we show that the species identity of a parasitoid had a more significant effect on defense responses of Brassica oleracea plants than the species identity of the herbivorous hosts of the parasitoids. Consequently, B. oleracea plants that were damaged by caterpillars (Pieris spp.) parasitized by different parasitoid species varied in the degree to which diamondback moths (Plutella xylostella) selected the plants for oviposition. Attracting parasitoids in general benefitted the plants by reducing diamondback moth colonization. However, the species of parasitoid that parasitized the herbivore significantly affected the magnitude of this benefit by its species-specific effect on herbivore-plant interactions mediated by caterpillar regurgitant. Our findings show that information-mediated indirect defense may lead to unpredictable consequences for plants when considering trait-mediated effects of parasitized caterpillars on the host plant and their consequences because of community-wide responses to induced plants.
机译：植物暴露于通常连续到达的一组草食性攻击者。草食动物影响宿主植物之间的相互作用，进而影响草食动物。此外，植物可能会通过释放挥发性有机化合物（VOC）来吸引食草动物的食肉天敌，从而对食草动物做出反应。但是，VOC所携带的信息无处不在，并且可能会吸引食肉动物，例如拟寄生物，这些食肉动物在将植物从草食性攻击者身上释放出来的功效不同。此外，在其草食性寄主中的寄生性寄生虫的发展，攻击给定的寄主植物，可能会影响寄主植物中防御反应的引发。反过来，这可能会影响随后的食草动物攻击宿主植物的行为。在这里，我们显示，与草食性寄主的物种身份相比，拟寄生物对甘蓝植物防御反应的影响更大。因此，被毛虫（Pieris spp。）损坏的油菜双歧杆菌（B. oleracea）植物在寄生小菜蛾（Plutella xylostella）选择产卵的程度上有所不同。吸引寄生虫一般通过减少小菜蛾的定居而使植物受益。但是，寄生于草食动物的寄生虫种类通过其对毛虫反刍动物介导的食草动物-植物相互作用的物种特异性作用，极大地影响了这种效益的程度。我们的研究结果表明，考虑寄生虫对宿主植物的性状介导作用及其后果，由于整个社区对诱导植物的反应，信息介导的间接防御可能对植物造成不可预测的后果。

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