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Complete mitochondrial genome of a Pleistocene jawbone unveils the origin of polar bear

机译:完整的更新世颚骨线粒体基因组揭示了北极熊的起源

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摘要

The polar bear has become the flagship species in the climate-change discussion. However, little is known about how past climate impacted its evolution and persistence, given an extremely poor fossil record. Although it is undisputed from analyses of mitochondrial (mt) DNA that polar bears constitute a lineage within the genetic diversity of brown bears, timing estimates of their divergence have differed considerably. Using next-generation sequencing technology, we have generated a complete, high-quality mt genome from a stratigraphically validated 130,000- to 110,000-year-old polar bear jawbone. In addition, six mt genomes were generated of extant polar bears from Alaska and brown bears from the Admiralty and Baranof islands of the Alexander Archipelago of southeastern Alaska and Kodiak Island. We show that the phylo-genetic position of the ancient polar bear lies almost directly at the branching point between polar bears and brown bears, elucidating a unique morphologically and molecularly documented fossil link between living mammal species. Molecular dating and stable isotope analyses also show that by very early in their evolutionary history, polar bears were already inhabitants of the Artie sea ice and had adapted very rapidly to their current and unique ecology at the top of the Arctic marine food chain. As such, polar bears provide an excellent example of evolutionary opportunism within a widespread mammalian lineage.
机译:北极熊已成为气候变化讨论中的旗舰物种。但是,鉴于化石记录极差,人们对过去的气候如何影响其演变和持久性知之甚少。尽管从线粒体(mt)DNA的分析中无可争议的是,北极熊构成了棕熊遗传多样性内的一个世系,但它们的发散时间估计却相差很大。使用下一代测序技术,我们已经从经过地层验证的130,000至110,000年的北极熊颚骨中生成了完整的高质量mt基因组。此外,从阿拉斯加现存的北极熊和阿拉斯加东南部亚历山大群岛和科迪亚克岛的金钟和巴拉诺夫岛的棕熊中,产生了六个mt基因组。我们显示,古代北极熊的系统发生位置几乎直接位于北极熊和棕熊之间的分支点,从而阐明了活的哺乳动物物种之间独特的形态和分子记录化石联系。分子测年和稳定同位素分析还表明,到北极熊进化史的早期,它们就已经是阿尔蒂海冰的栖息地,并且已经非常迅速地适应了北极海洋食物链顶部的当前和独特生态。因此,北极熊在广泛的哺乳动物世系中提供了进化机会主义的极好例子。

著录项

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  • 作者单位

    Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260;

    rnCenter for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802;

    rnCenter for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802;

    rnAlaska Science Center, US Geological Survey, Anchorage, AK 99508;

    rnCenter for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802;

    rnCenter for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802;

    rnCenter for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802;

    rnCenter for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802;

    rnNational Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway;

    rnPolar Environmental Centre, Norwegian Polar Institute, 9296 Tromso, Norway;

    rnCenter for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802;

    rnDepartment of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland University Centre in Svalbard, 9171 Longyearbyen, Norway;

    rnNational Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway;

    rnNational Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

    ancient DNA; arctic; mammal evolution; next-generation sequencing svalbard;

    机译:古代DNA北极;哺乳动物进化下一代测序斯瓦尔巴特群岛;

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