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首页> 外文期刊>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >The cognitive niche: Coevolution of intelligence, sociality, and language
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The cognitive niche: Coevolution of intelligence, sociality, and language

机译：认知利基：智力，社交性和语言的共同进化

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Although Darwin insisted that human intelligence could be fully explained by the theory of evolution, the codiscoverer of natural selection, Alfred Russel Wallace, claimed that abstract intelligence was of no use to ancestral humans and could only be explained by intelligent design. Wallace's apparent paradox can be dissolved with two hypotheses about human cognition. One is that intelligence is an adaptation to a knowledge-using, socially interdependent lifestyle, the "cognitive niche." This embraces the ability to overcome the evolutionary fixed defenses of plants and animals by applications of reasoning, including weapons, traps, coordinated driving of game, and detoxification of plants. Such reasoning exploits intuitive theories about different aspects of the world, such as objects, forces, paths, places, states, substances, and other people's beliefs and desires. The theory explains many zoologically unusual traits in Homo sapiens, including our complex toolkit, wide range of habitats and diets, extended childhoods and long lives, hypersociality, complex mating, division into cultures, and language (which multiplies the benefit of knowledge because know-how is useful not only for its practical benefits but as a trade good with others, enhancing the evolution of cooperation). The second hypothesis is that humans possess an ability of metaphorical abstraction, which allows them to coopt faculties that originally evolved for physical problem-solving and social coordination, apply them to abstract subject matter, and combine them productively. These abilities can help explain the emergence of abstract cognition without supernatural or exotic evolutionary forces and are in principle testable by analyses of statistical signs of selection in the human genome.
机译：尽管达尔文坚持认为进化论可以完全解释人类的智力，但自然选择的共同发现者阿尔弗雷德·罗素·华莱士（Alfred Russel Wallace）声称，抽象智力对祖先人类没有用，只能通过智能设计来解释。华莱士的明显悖论可以用关于人类认知的两个假设来解决。一个是，智力是对知识使用，社交上相互依赖的生活方式（即“认知利基”）的一种适应。这包括通过应用推理来克服动植物进化上的固定防御的能力，这些推理包括武器，陷阱，游戏的协调驱动和植物的排毒。这种推理利用有关世界不同方面的直观理论，例如对象，力，路径，位置，状态，物质以及其他人的信仰和欲望。该理论解释了智人在生态学上的许多不寻常特征，包括我们复杂的工具包，广泛的栖息地和饮食，延长的童年和漫长的生活，社交能力强，复杂的交配，对文化的划分和语言（这会使知识的收益成倍增加，因为知道-如何不仅有益于其实际利益，还可以作为与他人的贸易商品，从而促进合作的发展。第二个假设是，人类具​​有隐喻抽象的能力，这使他们能够选择最初为解决物理问题和社会协调而发展的能力，将其应用于抽象主题，并将其有效地结合起来。这些能力可以帮助解释没有超自然或外来进化力的抽象认知的出现，并且原则上可以通过分析人类基因组中选择的统计标志来测试。

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