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首页> 外文期刊>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >Ancient DNA reveals late survival of mammoth and horse in interior Alaska
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Ancient DNA reveals late survival of mammoth and horse in interior Alaska

机译：古代DNA揭示了阿拉斯加内部猛ma象和马的晚期生存

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摘要

Causes of late Quaternary extinctions of large mammals ("megafauna") continue to be debated, especially for continental losses, because spatial and temporal patterns of extinction are poorly known. Accurate latest appearance dates (LADs) for such taxa are critical for interpreting the process of extinction. The extinction of woolly mammoth and horse in northwestern North America is currently placed at 15,000-13,000 calendar years before present (yr BP), based on LADs from dating surveys of macrofossils (bones and teeth). Advantages of using macrofossils to estimate when a species became extinct are offset, however, by the improbability of finding and dating the remains of the last-surviving members of populations that were restricted in numbers or confined to refugia. Here we report an alternative approach to detect 'ghost ranges' of dwindling populations, based on recovery of ancient DNA from perennially frozen and securely dated sediments (sedaDNA). In such contexts, sedaDNA can reveal the molecular presence of species that appear absent in the macrofossil record. We show that woolly mammoth and horse persisted in interior Alaska until at least 10,500 yr BP, several thousands of years later than indicated from macrofossil surveys. These results contradict claims that Holocene survival of mammoths in Beringia was restricted to ecologically isolated high-latitude islands. More importantly, our finding that mammoth and horse overlapped with humans for several millennia in the region where people initially entered the Americas challenges theories that megafaunal extinction occurred within centuries of human arrival or were due to an extraterrestrial impact in the late Pleistocene.
机译：大型哺乳动物（“大型动物”）晚第四纪灭绝的原因仍在争论中，特别是对于大陆灭绝，因为人们对灭绝的时空格局知之甚少。此类分类单元的准确最新出现日期（LAD）对于解释灭绝过程至关重要。根据大型化石（骨骼和牙齿）的年代调查得出的LAD，当前北美西北部的羊毛猛ma象和马的灭绝被定为距今（BP）15,000-13,000日历年。然而，由于无法找到数量有限或仅限于避难所的最后幸存成员的遗骸并为其定年，因此抵消了使用大型化石来估计物种何时灭绝的优势。在这里，我们报告了一种替代方法，该方法可根据多年冻死的，日期固定的沉积物（sedaDNA）中回收的古代DNA来检测不断减少的人口的“幽灵范围”。在这种情况下，sedaDNA可以揭示大化石记录中似乎不存在的物种的分子存在。我们表明，阿拉斯加内部的猛ma象和马一直存在到至少10500年BP，比大型化石调查显示晚了数千年。这些结果与声称白令猛ia象的全新世生存仅限于生态隔离的高纬度岛屿有关。更重要的是，我们发现，在人们最初进入美洲的地区，猛ma象和马象与人类重叠了几千年了。这一理论对以下理论提出了质疑：大型动物灭绝是在人类到达几个世纪之内发生的，或者是由于晚更新世的外星影响所致。

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    James Haile; Duane G. Froese; Ross D. E. MacPhee; Richard G. Roberts; Lee J. Arnold; Alberto V. Reyes; Morten Rasmussen; Rasmus Nielsen; Barry W. Brook; Simon Robinson; Martina Demuro; M. Thomas P. Gilbert; Kasper Munch; Jeremy J. Austin; Alan Cooper; Ian Barnes; Per Moeller; Eske Willerslev;

  • 作者单位

    Centre for GeoGenetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark;

    Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada;

    Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024;

    Centre for Archaeological Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Woilongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;

    Centre for Archaeological Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Woilongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia Centro Nacional de Investigacion sobre la Evolucion Humana, CENIEH, 09002 Burgos, Spain;

    Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada;

    Centre for GeoGenetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark;

    Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;

    The Environment Institute, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia;

    Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada;

    Centre for Archaeological Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Woilongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;

    Centre for GeoGenetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark;

    Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;

    Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia;

    Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia;

    School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom;

    GeoBiosphere Science Centre, Department of Geology/Quaternary Sciences, Lund University, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden;

    Centre for GeoGenetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark;

  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

    extinction; permafrost; megafauna; beringia;

    机译：灭绝多年冻土;大型动物贝林西亚;

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