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首页> 外文期刊>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >Human-induced evolution caused by unnatural selection through harvest of wild animals
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Human-induced evolution caused by unnatural selection through harvest of wild animals

机译：由野生动物的不自然选择导致的人为进化

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Human harvest of phenotypically desirable animals from wild populations imposes selection that can reduce the frequencies of those desirable phenotypes. Hunting and fishing contrast with agricultural and aquacultural practices in which the most desirable animals are typically bred with the specific goal of increasing the frequency of desirable phenotypes. We consider the potential effects of harvest on the genetics and sustainability of wild populations. We also consider how harvesting could affect the mating system and thereby modify sexual selection in a way that might affect recruitment. Determining whether phenotypic changes in harvested populations are due to evolution, rather than phenotypic plasticity or environmental variation, has been problematic. Nevertheless, it is likely that some undesirable changes observed over time in exploited populations (e.g., reduced body size, earlier sexual maturity, reduced antler size, etc.) are due to selection against desirable phenotypes-a process we call "unnatural" selection. Evolution brought about by human harvest might greatly increase the time required for over-harvested populations to recover once harvest is curtailed because harvesting often creates strong selection differentials, whereas curtailing harvest will often result in less intense selection in the opposing direction. We strongly encourage those responsible for managing harvested wild populations to take into account possible selective effects of harvest management and to implement monitoring programs to detect exploitation-induced selection before it seriously impacts viability.
机译：人类从野生种群中获得表型上理想的动物的收获使动物能够进行选择，从而降低了这些理想表型的频率。狩猎和捕鱼与农业和水产养殖业形成对比，在农业和水产养殖业中，最理想的动物通常以增加理想表型频率的特定目标进行饲养。我们考虑了收获对野生种群遗传和可持续性的潜在影响。我们还考虑了收获如何影响交配系统，从而以可能影响招聘的方式改变性选择。确定收获种群的表型变化是否是由于进化而不是表型可塑性或环境变化是一个难题。然而，很可能在被剥削的人群中随着时间的推移观察到一些不希望的变化（例如，体型减小，性成熟较早，鹿角尺寸减小等）是由于针对理想表型的选择-我们称其为“非自然”选择。人为收获带来的进化可能会大大减少过度收获后被过度收获的种群恢复所需的时间，因为收获往往会产生强烈的选择差异，而减少收获往往会导致相反方向的选择强度降低。我们强烈鼓励负责管理野生采伐种群的人员考虑到采伐管理可能产生的选择性影响，并实施监测计划，以在剥削引起的选择严重影响生存能力之前对其进行检测。

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