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首页> 外文期刊>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >MicroRNAs and the advent of vertebrate morphological complexity
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MicroRNAs and the advent of vertebrate morphological complexity

机译：MicroRNA和脊椎动物形态复杂性的来临

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The causal basis of vertebrate complexity has been sought in genome duplication events (GDEs) that occurred during the emergence of vertebrates, but evidence beyond coincidence is wanting. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have recently been identified as a viable causal factor in increasing organismal complexity through the action of these ≈22-nt noncoding RNAs in regulating gene expression. Because miRNAs are continuously being added to animalian genomes, and, once integrated into a gene regulatory network, are strongly conserved in primary sequence and rarely secondarily lost their evolutionary history can be accurately reconstructed. Here, using a combination of Northern analyses and genomic searches, we show that 41 miRNA families evolved at the base of Vertebrata, as they are found and/or detected in lamprey, but not in either ascidians or amphioxus (or any other nonchordate taxon). When placed into temporal context, the rate of miRNA acquisition and the extent of phenotypic evolution are anomalously high early in vertebrate history, far outstripping any other episode in chordate evolution. The genomic position of miRNA paralogues in humans, together with gene trees incorporating lamprey orthologues, indicates that although GDEs can account for an increase in the diversity of miRNA family members, which occurred before the last common ancestor of all living vertebrates, GDEs cannot account for the origin of these novel families themselves. We hypothesize that lying behind the origin of vertebrate complexity is the dramatic expansion of the noncoding RNA inventory including miRNAs, rather than an increase in the protein-encoding inventory caused by GDEs.
机译：在脊椎动物出现期间发生的基因组复制事件（GDE）中一直寻求脊椎动物复杂性的因果基础，但仍需要超越巧合的证据。最近，通过这些≈22-nt非编码RNA调控基因表达的作用，MicroRNA（miRNA）被认为是增加机体复杂性的可行原因。由于miRNA不断地被添加到动物基因组中，并且一旦整合到基因调控网络中，就在一级序列中被高度保守，并且很少被二次丢失，因此其进化历史可以被准确地重建。在这里，结合Northern分析和基因组搜索，我们发现41种miRNA家族在脊椎动物的底部进化，因为它们在七lamp鳗中被发现和/或被检测到，但在海鞘或两栖动物（或任何其他非氯酸盐类群）中均未发现。 。当置于时间背景中时，在脊椎动物历史早期，miRNA的获取速率和表型进化的程度异常高，远远超过了其他在episode酸盐进化中的事件。 miRNA旁系同源物在人类中的基因组位置以及掺入七lamp鳗直向同源物的基因树表明，尽管GDE可以解释miRNA家族成员多样性的增加（这发生在所有活脊椎动物的最后共同祖先之前），但GDE不能解释这些新颖家庭本身的起源。我们假设，脊椎动物复杂性起源的背后是包括miRNA在内的非编码RNA库存的急剧增加，而不是由GDE引起的蛋白质编码库存的增加。

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