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首页> 外文期刊>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >Two routes to functional adaptation: Tibetan and Andean high-altitude natives
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Two routes to functional adaptation: Tibetan and Andean high-altitude natives

机译：实现功能适应的两条途径：藏族和安第斯山脉的高海拔民族

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摘要

Populations native to the Tibetan and Andean Plateaus are descended from colonizers who arrived perhaps 25,000 and 11,000 years ago, respectively. Both have been exposed to the opportunity for natural selection for traits that offset the unavoidable environmental stress of severe lifelong high-altitude hypoxia. This paper presents evidence that Tibetan and Andean high-altitude natives have adapted differently, as indicated by large quantitative differences in numerous physiological traits comprising the oxygen delivery process. These findings suggest the hypothesis that evolutionary processes have tinkered differently on the two founding populations and their descendents, with the result that the two followed different routes to the same functional outcome of successful oxygen delivery, long-term persistence and high function. Assessed on the basis of basal and maximal oxygen consumption, both populations avail themselves of essentially the full range of oxygen-using metabolism as populations at sea level, in contrast with the curtailed range available to visitors at high altitudes. Efforts to identify the genetic bases of these traits have included quantitative genetics, genetic admixture, and candidate gene approaches. These reveal generally more genetic variance in the Tibetan population and more potential for natural selection. There is evidence that natural selection is ongoing in the Tibetan population, where women estimated to have genotypes for high oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (and less physiological stress) have higher offspring survival. Identifying the genetic bases of these traits is crucial to discovering the steps along the Tibetan and Andean routes to functional adaptation.
机译：藏族和安第斯高原的原住民是殖民者的后裔，他们分别到达了25,000和11,000年前。两者都暴露于自然选择机会，以抵消严重的终身高海拔缺氧不可避免的环境压力。本文提供的证据表明，藏族和安第斯山脉的高海拔土著人的适应方式有所不同，这在包括氧气输送过程在内的众多生理特征中存在巨大的数量差异即可证明。这些发现提出了这样的假设，即两个创始种群及其后代的进化过程有所不同，其结果是，两者遵循不同的途径获得了成功的氧气输送，长期持久和高功能的相同功能结果。根据基本和最大耗氧量进行评估，与高海拔地区游客可利用的范围缩小相比，这两个群体都充分利用了全范围的耗氧代谢作为海平面上的群体。确定这些性状的遗传基础的工作包括定量遗传学，遗传掺和和候选基因方法。这些通常显示出藏族人口中更多的遗传变异和更多的自然选择潜力。有证据表明，藏族人口一直在进行自然选择，据估计，这些妇女的血红蛋白氧饱和度高（而生理压力较小）的基因型具有较高的后代存活率。确定这些性状的遗传基础对于发现藏族和安第斯山脉实现功能适应的步骤至关重要。

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