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首页> 外文期刊>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >Insect societies as divided organisms: The complexities of purpose and cross-purpose
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Insect societies as divided organisms: The complexities of purpose and cross-purpose

机译：昆虫社会被划分为有机体：目的和跨目的的复杂性

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Individual organisms are complex in a special way. The organization and function of their parts seem directed toward a purpose: the survival and reproduction of that individual. Groups of organisms are different. They may also be complex, but that is usually because their parts, the individual organisms, are working at cross-purposes. The most obvious exception to this rule is the social insects. Here, the individuals cooperate in complex ways toward the common goal of the success of the colony, even if it means that most of them do not reproduce. Kin selection theory explains how this can evolve. Nonreproductive individuals help in the reproduction of their kin, who share and transmit their genes. Such help is most favored when individuals can give more to their kin than they give up by not reproducing directly. For example, they can remain at their natal site and help defend a valuable resource ("fortress defenders"), or they can ensure that at least one adult survives to care for helpless young ("life insurers"). Although kin selection explains the extensive cooperation and common purpose of social insect colonies, it also predicts a certain amount of cross-purpose and conflict behavior. Kin selection has predicted how workers and queens disagree over sex ratios, how potential queens struggle to be the colony's head, how workers try to produce sons, and how other workers often prevent them. Kin selection analysis of cooperation and conflict in social insects is one of the outstanding achievements of evolutionary theory.
机译：单个生物以特殊方式复杂。它们各部分的组织和功能似乎是为了一个目的：那个人的生存和繁殖。生物群是不同的。它们也可能很复杂，但这通常是因为它们的各个部分（即个体有机体）在不同目的下工作。该规则最明显的例外是社交昆虫。在这里，个体以复杂的方式合作以实现殖民地成功的共同目标，即使这意味着大多数人不会繁殖。亲缘选择理论解释了这种进化的过程。非生殖个体帮助他们的亲戚繁殖，这些亲戚共享并传递其基因。当个人可以给自己的亲戚多于不通过直接繁殖而放弃的亲朋好友时，这种帮助是最受青睐的。例如，他们可以留在自己的出生地并帮助捍卫宝贵的资源（“堡垒防御者”），或者可以确保至少一名成年人能够存活下来照顾无助的年轻人（“人寿保险人”）。尽管亲属选择解释了社会昆虫群落的广泛合作和共同目标，但它也预示了一定程度的跨目标和冲突行为。 Kin的选择预测了工人们和皇后如何在性别比例上存在分歧，潜在的皇后如何努力成为殖民地的头颅，工人们如何尝试生子，以及其他工人们如何经常阻止他们。社会昆虫合作与冲突的亲缘选择分析是进化论的杰出成就之一。

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