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Two modes of pathogen recognition by plants

机译：植物识别病原体的两种模式

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More than 50 years ago, J. B. S. Haldane pre-sciently predicted that polymorphism in proteins governing host-pathogen interactions was driven by the rapid rates of micro-bial evolution. He suggested that slowly evolving host species could only manage to dodge microbial infection by generating high levels of polymorphism in the relevant immune system genes. These ideas were in part inspired by observations of variability in resistance of wheat to the wheat rust pathogen Puccinia gra-minis. Soon thereafter, H. H. Flor published seminal studies delineating the genetic basis of resistance in flax to the rust fungus Melampsom lini. Flor documented genetic polymorphism and recognition specificity. Flor also proposed the widely accepted "gene-for-gene" theory of disease resistance, which predicted that successful disease resistance is triggered only if a resistance (R) gene product in the plant recognizes a specific "avirulence" (Avr) gene product from the pathogen. An evolutionary corollary of this model is that pathogens are under evolutionary pressure to evolve diverse Avr proteins that no longer interact genetically with the cognate R proteins but presumably maintain their core function in the furtherance of a successful parasite life cycle. Conversely, natural selection favors evolution and maintenance of allelic diversity at plant R loci to expand recognition specificity.
机译：五十多年前，J。B. S. Haldane预先科学地预测，控制宿主与病原体相互作用的蛋白质中的多态性是由微生物进化的快速速率所驱动的。他认为，缓慢进化的宿主物种只能通过在相关免疫系统基因中产生高水平的多态性来躲避微生物感染。这些想法部分是由于观察到小麦对小麦锈病病原体Puccinia graminis的抗性变化而产生的。此后不久，H。H. Flor发表了开创性研究，描述了亚麻对锈病菌Melampsom lini抗性的遗传基础。 Flor记录了遗传多态性和识别特异性。弗洛（Flor）还提出了广为接受的抗病性“基因换基因”理论，该理论预测只有在植物中的抗性（R）基因产物识别出特定的“毒力”（Avr）基因产物后，才能触发成功的抗病性。病原体。该模型的进化推论是，病原体处于进化压力下，进化出不再与同源R蛋白发生遗传相互作用但可能维持其核心功能以促进成功的寄生虫生命周期的各种Avr蛋白。相反，自然选择有利于植物R基因座的等位基因多样性的进化和维持，以扩大识别特异性。

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