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Hamilton's indicators of the force of selection

机译：汉密尔顿的选择力指标

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To quantify the force of selection, Hamilton [Hamilton, W. D. (1966) J. Theor. Biol. 12, 12-45] derived expressions for the change in fitness with respect to age-specific mutations. Hamilton's indicators are decreasing functions of age. He concluded that senescence is inevitable: survival and fertility decline with age. I show that alternative parameterizations of mutational effects lead to indicators that can increase with age. I then consider the case of deleterious mutations with age-specific effects. In this case, it is the balance between mutation and selection pressure that determines the equilibrium number of mutations in a population. In this balance, the effects of different parameterizations cancel out, but only to a linear approximation. I show that mutation accumulation has little impact at ages when this linear approximation holds. When mutation accumulation matters, nonlinear effects become important, and the parameterizations of mutational effects make a difference. The results also suggest that mutation accumulation may be relatively unimportant over most of the reproductive lifespan of any species.
机译：为了量化选择的力量，Hamilton [Hamilton，W. D.（1966）J. Theor。生物学[12，12-45]得出针对年龄特定突变的适应性变化的表达。汉密尔顿的指标正在逐渐降低年龄。他得出结论，衰老是不可避免的：生存和生育力随着年龄的增长而下降。我表明突变效应的替代参数化导致指标可以随着年龄的增长而增加。然后，我考虑具有特定年龄影响的有害突变的情况。在这种情况下，正是突变与选择压力之间的平衡决定了群体中突变的平衡数。在这种平衡下，不同参数化的影响会抵消，但只会达到线性近似。我证明了当线性近似成立时，突变积累对年龄的影响很小。当突变积累很重要时，非线性效应就变得很重要，并且突变效应的参数化会有所不同。这些结果还表明，在任何物种的大部分繁殖寿命中，突变积累可能都不重要。

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