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首页> 外文期刊>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >Drosophila pigmentation evolution: divergent genotypes underlying convergent phenotypes.
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Drosophila pigmentation evolution: divergent genotypes underlying convergent phenotypes.

机译：果蝇色素沉着演变：趋同表型下的不同基因型。

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摘要

Similar phenotypic changes have evolved independently in many animal taxa. It is unknown whether independent changes involve the same or different developmental and genetic mechanisms. Myriad pigment patterns in the genus Drosophila offer numerous opportunities to address this question. Previous studies identified regulatory and structural genes involved in the development and diversification of pigmentation in selected species. Here, we examine Drosophila americana and Drosophila novamexicana, interfertile species that have evolved dramatic pigmentation differences during the few million years since their divergence. Interspecific genetic analysis was used to investigate the contribution of five specific candidate genes and other genomic regions to phenotypic divergence by testing for associations between molecular markers and pigmentation. At least four distinct genomic regions contributed to pigmentation differences, one of which included the ebony gene. Ebony protein was expressed at higher levels in the more yellow D. novamexicana than the heavily melanized D. americana. Because Ebony promotes yellow pigment formation and suppresses melanization, the expression difference and genetic association suggest that evolution at the ebony locus contributed to pigmentation divergence between D. americana and D. novamexicana. Surprisingly, no genetic association with the yellow locus was detected in this study, and Yellow expression was identical in the two species. Evolution at the yellow locus underlies pigmentation divergence among other Drosophila species; thus, similar pigment patterns have evolved through regulatory changes in different genes in different lineages. These findings bear upon understanding classic models of melanism and mimicry.
机译：在许多动物类群中，类似的表型变化已独立发生。尚不清楚独立变化是否涉及相同或不同的发育和遗传机制。果蝇属中无数的色素图案为解决这个问题提供了许多机会。先前的研究确定了选定物种中色素沉着的发展和多样化所涉及的调控和结构基因。在这里，我们研究了果蝇美国果蝇和新果蝇（Drosophila novamexicana），这是自它们分化以来的几百万年间，它们在色素沉着方面发生了巨大差异的可干扰物种。种间遗传分析通过测试分子标记物与色素沉着之间的联系，用于研究五个特定候选基因和其他基因组区域对表型差异的贡献。至少四个不同的基因组区域导致色素沉着差异，其中之一包括乌木基因。与重度忧郁的美洲象相比，乌黄色的新星象蝇中的乌木蛋白水平更高。由于乌木促进黄色色素形成并抑制黑色素化，因此表达差异和遗传关联表明乌木基因座处的进化促进了美洲杜鹃和新墨西哥菊之间的色素沉着差异。令人惊讶的是，在该研究中未检测到与黄色基因座的遗传关联，并且两个物种中的黄色表达相同。在黄色基因座的进化是其他果蝇物种中色素沉着差异的基础。因此，通过不同谱系中不同基因的调控变化，已经形成了相似的色素图案。这些发现有助于理解经典的黑色素和模仿模型。

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