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首页> 外文期刊>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >Remarkable compartmentalization of transposable elements and pseudogenes in the heterochromatin of the Tetraodon nigroviridis genome
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Remarkable compartmentalization of transposable elements and pseudogenes in the heterochromatin of the Tetraodon nigroviridis genome

机译：Tetraodon nigroviridis基因组异染色质中转座因子和假基因的显着区室化

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Tetraodon nigroviridis is among the smallest known vertebrate genomes and as such represents an interesting model for studying genome architecture and evolution. Previous studies have shown that Tetraodon contains several types of tandem and dispersed repeats, but that their overall contribution is >10% of the genome. Using genomic library hybridization, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and whole genome shotgun and directed sequencing, we have investigated the global and local organization of repeat sequences in Tetraodon. We show that both tandem and dispersed repeat elements are compartmentalized in specific regions that correspond to the short arms of small subtelocentric chromosomes. The concentration of repeats in these heterochromatic regions is in sharp contrast to their paucity in euchromatin. In addition, we have identified a number of pseudogenes that have arisen through either duplication of genes or the retro-transcription of mRNAs. These pseudogenes are amplified to high numbers, some with more than 200 copies, and remain almost exclusively located in the same heterochromatic regions as transposable elements. The sequencing of one such heterochromatic region reveals a complex pattern of duplications and inversions, reminiscent of active and frequent rearrangements that can result in the truncation and hence inactivation of transposable elements. This tight compartmentalization of repeats and pseudo-genes is absent in large vertebrate genomes such as mammals and is reminiscent of genomes that remain compact during evolution such as Drosophila and Arabidopsis.
机译：黑背四角兽是已知的最小的脊椎动物基因组之一，因此代表了研究基因组结构和进化的有趣模型。先前的研究表明，四齿畸形动物包含几种类型的串联重复序列和分散的重复序列，但它们的总体贡献超过基因组的10％。使用基因组文库杂交，荧光原位杂交，全基因组shot弹枪和定向测序，我们研究了四角畸形的重复序列的全局和局部组织。我们显示，串联和分散的重复元素都在对应于小的亚远心染色体的短臂的特定区域分隔。这些异色区域中重复序列的浓度与其在常染色质中的缺乏形成鲜明对比。此外，我们已经确定了通过基因的重复或mRNA的逆转录产生的许多假基因。这些假基因被大量扩增，其中一些具有200多个拷贝，并且几乎始终与转座元件位于相同的异色区域。一个这样的异色区域的测序揭示了重复和倒置的复杂模式，让人联想到可能导致截短并因此使转座因子失活的活跃和频繁的重排。大型脊椎动物基因组（例如哺乳动物）中不存在重复序列和假基因的紧密分隔，这让人联想到在果蝇和拟南芥等进化过程中保持紧凑的基因组。

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