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首页> 外文期刊>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America >Head to head with Boas: Did he err on the plasticity of head form?
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Head to head with Boas: Did he err on the plasticity of head form?

机译：与Boas正面交锋：他是否对头部形状的可塑性感到错误？

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摘要

Ever since Anders Retzius' invention of the cephalic index late in the nineteenth century, legions of anthropologists armed with spreading calipers have bravely endured the apprehension of their subjects and have accumulated thousands of measurements of head lengths and breadths and divided the latter by the former to achieve that purportedly objective characterization, the cranial index, mellifluously categorized as "dolichocephalic, mesocephalic, or brachycephalic." From this index, one could (if properly trained) hazard a guess about whether someone was from the Northwestern, the Mediterranean, or the Alpine region of Europe. There was even hope that all groups throughout the world could be characterized and classified similarly. The uses to which this index were put ranged from the beneficent to the grotesque, from simple curiosity to preventing people from being accepted as immigrants, and to the characterization of "ideal" racial types as ingredients in racial classifications. On the humorous side, Hooten noted that only hat makers paid no attention to the differences in head shape. I confess that over my years of teaching human skeletal biology, I have enjoyed almost each and every head measurement that I've taken. I ordinarily managed to demonstrate that the index meant nothing in terms of defining whence came a person. I doubt that any of us practicing these arts have failed to mention the findings of Franz Boas' 1910-1913 publications that the offspring of immigrants born in the United States showed a "significant" difference from their immigrant parents in this index. (I say significant because that was what we were taught.) This finding was perhaps one of the most instrumental in overturning notions of genetic fixity in bodily form and was the essential demonstration that the environment had an important role in the expression of such traits. If the cephalic index could change in a generation, so could anything else, and thus was added a continuing optimism that societies throughout the world could improve their people's lot simply by changing environments for the better. Boasian anthropol- ogy was firmly in place, including the biological side and that of head form, in particular.
机译：自从19世纪末安德斯·雷齐乌斯（Anders Retzius）发明了头指数以来，许多使用散布卡尺的人类学家就勇敢地忍受了他们的研究，并积累了数千个头长和宽度的测量值，并将后者除以前者，要达到所谓的客观特征，即颅骨指数，巧妙地分类为“头颅性，中脑性或近脑性”。根据这一指数，可能（如果经过适当培训）可能会猜出某个人是来自西北，地中海还是欧洲的高山地区。甚至希望世界各地的所有团体都能有类似的特征和分类。该指数的用途从善良到怪诞，从简单的好奇心到防止人们被接纳为移民，到表征“理想”种族类型作为种族分类的组成部分。在幽默方面，Hooten指出，只有制帽商没有注意头部形状的差异。我承认，在我教授人体骨骼生物学的这些年里，我享受了几乎所有的头部测量方法。我通常设法证明该索引对定义一个人来自何处没有任何意义。我怀疑我们中任何从事这些艺术的人都没有提及弗朗兹·博阿斯（Franz Boas）在1910年至1913年发表的出版物的发现，即在美国出生的移民后代与该指数中的移民父母相比有“显着”差异。 （我之所以说是有意义的，是因为这是我们所受教的。）这一发现可能是推翻身体形式的遗传固定性概念的最有力工具之一，并且是环境在此类特征表达中发挥重要作用的重要证明。如果世代相传的头指数可以改变，那么其他任何事情也可以改变，因此人们不断地感到乐观，即全世界的社会只要改变环境就可以改善人们的生活。波斯人的人类学已经牢牢地掌握了，特别是在生物方面和头部方面。

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