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A Survey on Wireless Security: Technical Challenges, Recent Advances, and Future Trends

机译：无线安全性调查：技术挑战，最新进展和未来趋势

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Due to the broadcast nature of radio propagation, the wireless air interface is open and accessible to both authorized and illegitimate users. This completely differs from a wired network, where communicating devices are physically connected through cables and a node without direct association is unable to access the network for illicit activities. The open communications environment makes wireless transmissions more vulnerable than wired communications to malicious attacks, including both the passive eavesdropping for data interception and the active jamming for disrupting legitimate transmissions. Therefore, this paper is motivated to examine the security vulnerabilities and threats imposed by the inherent open nature of wireless communications and to devise efficient defense mechanisms for improving the wireless network security. We first summarize the security requirements of wireless networks, including their authenticity, confidentiality, integrity, and availability issues. Next, a comprehensive overview of security attacks encountered in wireless networks is presented in view of the network protocol architecture, where the potential security threats are discussed at each protocol layer. We also provide a survey of the existing security protocols and algorithms that are adopted in the existing wireless network standards, such as the Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, and the long-term evolution (LTE) systems. Then, we discuss the state of the art in physical-layer security, which is an emerging technique of securing the open communications environment against eavesdropping attacks at the physical layer. Several physical-layer security techniques are reviewed and compared, including information-theoretic security, artificial-noise-aided security, security-oriented beamforming, diversity-assisted security, and physical-layer key generation approaches. Since a jammer emitting radio signals can readily interfere with the legitimate wireless users, we also introduce the family of various jamming attacks and their countermeasures, including the constant jammer, intermittent jammer, reactive jammer, adaptive jammer, and intelligent jammer. Additionally, we discuss the integration of physical-layer security into existing authentication and cryptography mechanisms for further securing wireless networks. Finally, some technical challenges which remain unresolved at the time of writing are summarized and the future trends in wireless security are discussed.
机译：由于无线电传播的广播性质，无线空中接口是开放的，授权用户和非法用户均可访问。这完全不同于有线网络，在有线网络中，通信设备通过电缆物理连接，并且没有直接关联的节点无法访问网络进行非法活动。开放的通信环境使无线传输比有线通信更容易受到恶意攻击，包括用于数据拦截的被动窃听和用于破坏合法传输的主动干扰。因此，本文旨在研究无线通信固有的开放性所带来的安全漏洞和威胁，并设计出有效的防御机制来提高无线网络的安全性。我们首先总结无线网络的安全要求，包括其真实性，机密性，完整性和可用性问题。接下来，针对网络协议体系结构，对无线网络中遇到的安全攻击进行了全面概述，其中在每个协议层讨论了潜在的安全威胁。我们还提供了对现有无线网络标准（例如蓝牙，Wi-Fi，WiMAX和长期演进（LTE）系统）中采用的现有安全协议和算法的调查。然后，我们讨论了物理层安全性的最新技术，这是一种新兴的技术，可确保开放通信环境免受物理层的窃听攻击。审查并比较了几种物理层安全技术，包括信息理论安全，人工噪声辅助安全，面向安全的波束成形，分集辅助安全以及物理层密钥生成方法。由于发射无线电信号的干扰器很容易干扰合法的无线用户，因此，我们还介绍了各种干扰攻击及其对策，包括恒定干扰器，间歇干扰器，无功干扰器，自适应干扰器和智能干扰器。此外，我们讨论了将物理层安全性集成到现有的身份验证和加密机制中以进一步保护无线网络的功能。最后，总结了在撰写本文时仍未解决的一些技术挑战，并讨论了无线安全性的未来趋势。

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