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Human Error

机译:人为错误

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摘要

In the U.S., organized attempts to prevent or control workplace injuries have existed for a long time, probably starting in the railroad industry in the 1800s. But the real attempts in general industry were relatively weak until the early 1900s. With the passage of workers' compensation laws in several states between 1908 and 1911, injuries became a cost to organizations. This provided the impetus to do something about it. The financial incentive gave birth to "safety programs" and "safety engineers," and to both the National Safety Council and ASSE. What began in the 1900s is starkly different from the safety systems of today. As technology has changed, as management theories have evolved, so has safety programming. It is true that safety seems to change more slowly than technology or management concepts; it seems to lag by 20 or 30 years, and is influenced less by good research and experimentation than by the economy, government dictates and people selling new "solutions." Consider the many safety approaches that have been used: 1. physical condition approach, 1911 to present; 2. industrial hygiene approach, 1931 to present; 3. "unsafe act" approach, 1931 to present; 4. management approach, 1950s to present; 5. noise control approach, 1954 to present; 6. audit approach, 1950s to present; 7. system safety approach, 1960s and currently; 8. OSHA physical condition approach, 1971 to present; 9. OSHA industrial hygiene approach (when the OSHA chief was an industrial hygienist); 10. other OSHA approaches, depending on the year and the current emphasis; 11. ergonomic approach, anticipating an OSHA standard; 12. "safety program" approach, anticipating an OSHA standard; 13. environmental approach; 14. total quality management thrust, using statistical process control; 15. behavioral approach.
机译:在美国,有组织的预防或控制工作场所伤害的尝试已经存在很长时间了,很可能始于1800年代的铁路行业。但是直到1900年代初,一般工业的实际尝试才相对薄弱。随着1908年至1911年间几个州通过了工人赔偿法,伤害成为组织的代价。这为做些事情提供了动力。财政激励措施催生了“安全计划”和“安全工程师”,以及国家安全委员会和ASSE。 1900年代开始的安全系统与当今的安全系统完全不同。随着技术的变化,随着管理理论的发展,安全程序也随之变化。的确,安全性的变化似乎比技术或管理概念的变化慢。它似乎滞后了20或30年,并且受良好的研究和实验的影响较小,而不受经济,政府命令和销售新“解决方案”的人们的影响。考虑已使用的许多安全方法:1.身体状况方法,1911年至今; 2.工业卫生方法,1931年至今; 3. 1931年至今的“不安全行为”方法; 4.管理方法,1950年代至今; 5.噪声控制法,1954年至今; 6. 1950年代至今的审计方法; 7. 1960年代至今的系统安全方法; 8. OSHA身体状况方法,1971年至今; 9. OSHA工业卫生方法(OSHA负责人是工业卫生学家时); 10.其他OSHA方法,取决于年份和当前重点; 11.符合人机工程学的方法,预期符合OSHA标准; 12.“安全计划”方法,预期采用OSHA标准; 13.环境方针; 14.全面质量管理的主旨,采用统计过程控制; 15.行为方式。

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