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Evolvability and design reuse in civil jet transport aircraft

机译：民用喷气运输机的可进化性和设计重用

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A comprehensive investigation of evolvability and design reuse in new and historical civil jet transport aircraft was undertaken. The main purpose was to characterise the techniques and strategies used by aircraft manufacturers to evolve their designs. Such knowledge is essential to devise improved design methods for promoting the evolvability of new aircraft. To perform the study, jet aircraft from three large western manufacturers (Boeing, Airbus, and McDonnell Douglas) were investigated in depth. The academic and industrial literature was combed to find descriptions of design reuse and change across each major model of all three manufacturers. The causes and effects of the changes are explored, and the amenability of the different airframes to change are discussed. The evolution of the payload and range capabilities of the different aircraft was also investigated. From these studies, it was found that the initial approach to derivative designs appears somewhat ad hoc and that substantial modifications were devised in quick succession to increase both range and capacity. From the 1970s, two distinguishable patterns started to appear - a 'leap and branch' and a 'Z' pattern. The leaps correspond to major changes in both propulsion and airframe, whereas the branches are simple 'stretches' or 'shrinks'. The Z pattern, also documented by other authors, is a progressive increase in range, followed by a simple stretch, and then another increase in range. Design changes were investigated further by grouping them according to the assumed payload-range objectives set for the derivatives. Finally, the maximum changes found for salient geometrical design parameters amongst all the aircraft surveyed were documented. Developing methods to support the creation of leaps (especially across configurations) appears to be one of the most promising avenues for future research.
机译：对新的和历史悠久的民用喷气运输机的发展性和设计再利用进行了全面调查。主要目的是描述飞机制造商用来发展其设计的技术和策略。这些知识对于设计改进的设计方法以促进新飞机的发展至关重要。为了进行这项研究，对来自三个大型西方制造商（波音，空中客车和麦道公司）的喷气飞机进行了深入研究。梳理了学术和工业文献，以找到所有三个制造商的每个主要模型的设计重用和变更的描述。探索了这种变化的原因和影响，并讨论了不同机身的适应性。还研究了不同飞机的有效载荷和射程能力的演变。从这些研究中发现，派生设计的初始方法似乎是临时的，并且已经进行了大幅度的修改以快速增加范围和容量。从1970年代开始，出现了两种明显的模式-“跨越和分支”模式和“ Z”模式。跳跃对应于推进力和机身的重大变化，而分支则是简单的“伸展”或“收缩”。其他作者也记录了Z模式，它是范围的逐渐增加，然后是简单的拉伸，然后范围又增加。根据为衍生工具设定的有效载荷范围目标对设计更改进行了分组，以进一步研究这些更改。最后，记录了所有被调查飞机中显着几何设计参数的最大变化。开发支持飞跃（特别是跨配置）创建方法的方法似乎是未来研究的最有希望的途径之一。

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