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Solar energy in progress and future research trends

机译：太阳能的发展和未来的研究趋势

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摘要

Extensive fossil fuel consumption in almost all human activities led to some undesirable phenomena such as atmospheric and environmental pollutions, which have not been experienced before in known human history. Consequently, global warming, greenhouse affect, climate change, ozone layer depletion and acid rain terminologies started to appear in the literature frequently. Since 1970, it has been understood scientifically by experiments and researches that these phenomena are closely related to fossil fuel uses because they emit greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO_2) and methane (CH_4) which hinder the long wave terrestrial radiation to escape into space, and consequently, the earth troposphere becomes warmer. In order to avoid further impacts of these phenomena, the two concentrative alternatives are either to improve the fossil fuel quality with reductions in their harmful emissions into the atmosphere or more significantly to replace fossil fuel usage as much as possible with environmentally friendly, clean and renewable energy sources. Among these sources, solar energy comes at the top of the list due to its abundance, and more evenly distribution in nature than any other renewable energy types such as wind, geothermal, hydro, wave and tidal energies. It must be the main and common purpose of humanity to sustain environment for the betterment of future generations with sustainable energy developments. On the other hand, the known limits of fossil fuels compel the societies of the world in the long run to work jointly for their gradual replacement by renewable energy alternatives rather than the quality improvement of fossil sources. Solar radiation is an integral part of different renewable energy resources. It is the main and continuous input variable from practically inexhaustible sun. Solar energy is expected to play a very significant role in the future especially in developing countries, but it has also potential prospects for developed countries. The material presented in this paper is chosen to provide'a comprehensive account of solar energy sources and conversion methods. For this purpose, explanatory background material has been introduced with the intention that engineers and scientists can have introductory preliminaries on the subject both from application and research points of view. Applications of solar energy in terms of low and high temperature collectors are given with future research directions. Furthermore, photovoltaic devices are discussed for future electric energy generations based on solar power site-exploitation and transmission by different means over long distances such as fiber-optic cables. Another future perspective use of solar energy is its combination with water and as a consequent electrolysis analysis generation of hydrogen gas, which is expected to be another form of clean energy sources. Combination of solar energy and water for hydrogen gas production is called solar-hydrogen energy. Necessary research potentials and application possibilities are presented with sufficient background. Possible future new methodologies are mentioned and finally recommendations and suggestions for future research and application directions are presented with relevant literature review.
机译：在几乎所有人类活动中，大量的化石燃料消耗导致了一些不良现象，例如大气和环境污染，这在人类已知历史中是从未有过的。因此，全球变暖，温室效应，气候变化，臭氧层耗竭和酸雨术语在文献中频繁出现。自1970年以来，通过实验和研究已科学地了解到，这些现象与化石燃料的使用密切相关，因为它们排放的温室气体如二氧化碳（CO_2）和甲烷（CH_4）阻碍了长波地面辐射逸入太空。 ，因此，地球对流层变暖。为了避免这些现象的进一步影响，两个集中的替代方案是通过减少向大气中的有害排放物来提高化石燃料的质量，或者更重要的是尽可能用环保，清洁和可再生的能源来替代化石燃料的使用。能源。在这些资源中，太阳能以其丰富性而位居榜首，其自然分布比风能，地热能，水能，波浪能和潮汐能等任何其他可再生能源类型都更为平均。维持环境，以可持续的能源发展改善后代，是人类的主要共同目标。另一方面，从长远来看，化石燃料的已知限制迫使世界各国共同努力，逐步用可再生能源替代替代化石燃料，而不是提高化石资源的质量。太阳辐射是不同可再生能源不可或缺的一部分。它是来自几乎取之不尽的太阳的主要和连续的输入变量。太阳能有望在未来发挥重要作用，特别是在发展中国家，但对发达国家也具有潜在的前景。选择本文中介绍的材料是为了提供太阳能源和转换方法的综合说明。为此，引入了说明性的背景材料，旨在使工程师和科学家可以从应用和研究的角度对该主题进行介绍性的初步介绍。太阳能在低温和高温集热器方面的应用具有未来的研究方向。此外，还讨论了用于太阳能发电的光伏设备，这些光伏设备是基于太阳能站点的开发和通过长距离的不同方式（例如光缆）传输的。太阳能的另一种未来用途是将其与水结合使用，并因此进行电解分析，产生氢气，这有望成为另一种清洁能源。用于产生氢气的太阳能和水的组合称为太阳能。介绍了必要的研究潜力和应用可能性，具有足够的背景。提到了可能的未来新方法，最后通过相关文献综述提出了对未来研究和应用方向的建议和建议。

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