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Shrinking Constitutional Tort Accountability: Developments in the Law and Implications for Professional Responsibility

机译：缩小宪法侵权责任：法律的发展及其对职业责任的影响

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U.S. constitutional tort law enables individuals to recover money damages in civil suits against government officials and employees whose job-related actions violate their constitutional rights. Such legal accountability closely relates to professional accountability because liability for damages depends on whether the officials or employees violated "clearly established...constitutional rights of which a reasonable person" in their positions "would have known." Municipalities face financial liability in constitutional tort suits when their policies, including failure to train their employees, directly cause breaches of individuals' constitutional rights. State and local government contractors involved in "state action" are also potentially liable for their constitutional torts. However, in a series of decisions in the 2000s, the Supreme Court has weakened constitutional tort law as a mechanism for securing accountability by making it more difficult or even impossible for those alleging infringements on their constitutional rights to use this body of law to recover damages. The reduction in legal accountability can be partially compensated for by emphasis on constitutionality as a component of professional accountability in public administration education programs.
机译：美国宪法侵权法使个人可以针对与工作相关的行为侵犯其宪法权利的政府官员和雇员提起民事诉讼以赔偿金钱损失。这种法律责任制与专业责任制密切相关，因为损害赔偿责任取决于官员或雇员是否侵犯了“本该知道的合理人的宪法权利……”。当市政当局的政策（包括不培训其员工）直接导致个人宪法权利受到侵犯时，市政当局将面临宪法侵权诉讼中的经济责任。参与“国家行动”的州和地方政府承包商也可能对其宪法侵权行为负责。但是，在2000年代的一系列判决中，最高法院削弱了宪法侵权法，以此作为一种确保问责的机制，使那些声称对其宪法权利受到侵犯的人更加难以甚至根本无法利用这一法律来追索损害赔偿。 。法律责任制的减少可以通过强调宪法性作为公共行政教育计划中专业责任制的一部分而得到部分补偿。

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