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INS Dictionary of Neuropsychology and Clinical Neurosciences (2nd edition)

机译：INS神经心理学和临床神经科学词典（第2版）

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It is generally accepted that psychology, as a separate discipline, started with Wundt's opening of the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig in 1879. Clinical applications of psychology were initially frowned on as savouring of the recently discredited "treatments" of mesmerism, electrical stimulation, etc. By 1896, however, Lightner Witmer, a follower of Wundt, had opened the world's first psychology clinic. Due to the lack of any effective method of studying the living brain, the emphasis at that point was entirely on the workings of the mind. Neither the psychoanalysts nor the behaviourists, who, between them dominated most of the twentieth-century psychology, paid any real attention to the brain at all. Aside from the obvious difficulty of finding non-obtrusive ways of studying the physical operations of the brain, there was, again, some feeling of embarrassment over the recently debunked study of phrenology. This absence of an organic basis led to the general impression, still quite widely held, that psychology is airy-fairy unreal semi-science.
机译：人们普遍认为心理学是一门独立的学科，它始于1879年Wundt在莱比锡开设的第一个心理学实验室。最初，心理学​​的临床应用由于品尝到最近被人们誉为“催眠”，“电刺激”等原因的治疗方法而受到抑制。然而，到1896年，温特的追随者莱特纳·威特默（Lightner Witmer）开设了世界上第一家心理学诊所。由于缺乏研究活脑的有效方法，因此，重点完全放在脑部的运作上。心理学家和行为主义者（在他们之间主导了20世纪的大部分心理学）都根本没有真正注意大脑。除了寻找非侵入性的方法来研究大脑的物理操作存在明显的困难外，对于最近被揭穿的颅相学研究再次感到有些尴尬。这种缺乏有机基础的现象导致了人们普遍的印象，即心理学仍然是童话般的虚幻半科学。

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