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Widening the scope: linking coastal sedimentation with watershed dynamics in Java, Indonesia

机译：扩大范围：将沿海沉积与印度尼西亚爪哇的分水岭动力学联系起来

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摘要

Watershed processes and their effects on coasts are shaped by numerous interacting natural and societal factors. The knowledge of these factors and processes is often limited. This makes the field prone to politicisations with debates, research, and interventions being confined to a few selected factors. Debates on the causes of high river sediment loads and coastal sedimentation in Java have focussed on rainfed agriculture on peasants' private lands, while other drivers have been neglected. This has undermined the effectiveness of watershed management. This paper links the sedimentation of the Segara Anakan lagoon on Java's south coast with landscape characteristics and transformations in its catchment. Three-fourths of the lagoon have silted up since 1857/60. This is the result of a much broader range of drivers than commonly assumed to date. In addition to rainfed agriculture on peasants' private lands, these drivers include coffee cultivation, timber extraction, plantation development, and in-migration in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century; erosion on contested state forest and plantation lands; state forest management practices; slope cuts to enlarge agricultural fields; agriculture in riparian zones; erosion from roads, trails, and settlements; river channel and floodplain modifications; and volcanic eruptions. The choice and expectations of societal responses aimed at reducing river sediment loads and coastal sedimentation hence need to be reconsidered, and related debates and research agendas must be broadened.
机译：流域过程及其对海岸的影响受众多相互作用的自然和社会因素影响。这些因素和过程的知识通常是有限的。这使得该领域易于政治化，因为辩论，研究和干预措施仅限于一些选定的因素。关于爪哇河高泥沙量和沿海沉积物成因的争论主要集中在农民私有土地上的雨养农业上，而其他驱动因素则被忽略了。这削弱了流域管理的有效性。本文将爪哇岛南海岸的塞加拉·阿纳坎泻湖的沉积与景观特征及其流域的变化联系起来。自1857/60年以来，四分之三的泻湖已淤积。这是由于驱动程序范围比迄今为止普遍认为的要广泛得多的结果。除了农民私有土地上的雨养农业外，这些驱动因素还包括咖啡种植，木材提取，种植园发展以及19世纪末和20世纪初的移民。在有争议的国家森林和人工林土地上遭受侵蚀；国家森林管理规范；削减坡度以扩大农田；河岸地区的农业；道路，小径和居民点的侵蚀；河道和洪泛区改造；和火山喷发。因此，需要重新考虑旨在减少河流沉积物负荷和沿海沉积物的社会对策的选择和期望，并且必须扩大相关的辩论和研究议程。

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