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The energy consumption of Paris and its supply areas from the eighteenth century to the present

机译：从18世纪到现在的巴黎及其供应区的能源消耗

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Since the eighteenth century and the industrial revolution, cities have experienced great changes in their metabolism, and particularly in their energy consumption: transitions from one energy source to another, growing per capita consumption, and total consumption to cite but a few. These changes also impact urban energy supply areas and supply distance. This paper estimates Paris' s energy demand in both final and primary terms since the eighteenth century and gives an illustration of long-term socio-ecological interactions in an interdisciplinary perspective, connecting energy flow analysis, and historical research. It gives an overview of energy supply areas and assesses the distance between supply sites and the city. Paris's annual total energy requirement (TER) was about 19 GJ per capita at the beginning of the eighteenth century and reached 30 GJ per capita in 1800; the supply area remained nearly the same with an average supply distance (D_(avg)) of 200 km. During the nineteenth century, Paris' s population increased fivefold, and energy transitioned from biomass to fossil fuel. Per capita TER remained stable, whereas Paris's supply area moved progressively toward coal basins, in connection with the tremendous change in transport systems. As a consequence, the D_(avg) grew to 270 km around 1870. During the twentieth century, and especially since the Interwar period, per capita TER increased considerably (to 26 GJ/cap/year in 1910,47 GJ/cap/year in 1946 and 126 GJ/cap/year in 2006). The internationalization of the energy supply and the shift to petroleum and natural gas also increased the remoteness of the supply sites: the D_(avg) equaled 3850 km in 2006.
机译：自从18世纪和工业革命以来，城市的新陈代谢发生了巨大变化，尤其是能源消耗发生了变化：从一种能源过渡到另一种能源，人均消费在增长，总消费仅举几例。这些变化也会影响城市能源供应区域和供应距离。本文以18世纪以来的最终和主要术语来估算巴黎的能源需求，并从跨学科的角度，连接能量流分析和历史研究的角度说明了长期的社会生态互动。它概述了能源供应区域，并评估了供应场所与城市之间的距离。在18世纪初期，巴黎的年人均能源需求（TER）约为19 GJ，到1800年达到了30 GJ。供应区域几乎保持不变，平均供应距离（D_（avg））为200 km。在19世纪，巴黎的人口增长了五倍，能源从生物质转变为化石燃料。人均TER保持稳定，而巴黎的供应区域则随着运输系统的巨大变化而逐渐向煤炭盆地转移。结果，D_（avg）在1870年左右增长到270公里。在20世纪，特别是自两次世界大战以来，人均TER大幅增加（1910年达到26 GJ / cap /年，47 GJ / cap /年（1946年）和126 GJ /年/年）。能源供应的国际化以及向石油和天然气的转移也增加了供应地点的距离：2006年D_（avg）等于3850 km。

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