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A national systems view of university entrepreneurialism: Inferences from comparison of the German and US experience

机译:国家对大学企业家精神的看法:德国和美国经验的比较推论

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Examining parallels in the long-term evolution of the German and US university systems, this paper formulates hypotheses about the rise and decline of university entrepreneurialism at the national level. Three macro-level antecedents of university entrepreneurialism are identified: (1) decentralized competition; (2) latitude in mission and revenue mix; (3) a nationwide, diversified bidding system for the funding of large-scale university-based research. Of these, the third is real lynchpin of university entrepreneurialism. Arguing for a multidimensional understanding of such entrepreneurialism (i.e. beyond just the commercialization of scientific discoveries), the paper identifies three developments within universities emanating from a favorable national environment: (1) organizational innovations for achieving economies of scope; (2) an institutionalized capacity for strategic selection of research foci; and (3) a capacity to contribute to the development of new industries. The analysis suggests that as national university systems grow and run into cost containment problems, political pressures for reform increase, leading to system homogenization; system homogenization weakens the contextual sources of entrepreneurialism and triggers a process of decline.
机译:通过考察德国和美国大学系统长期发展中的相似之处,本文提出了关于国家一级大学企业家精神兴衰的假设。确定了大学企业家精神的三个宏观层面的先决条件:(1)分散竞争; (2)任务和收入组合的自由度; (3)全国性的多元化招标系统,用于资助大型大学研究项目。其中,第三个是大学企业家精神的真正关键。为了对这种企业家精神有一个多维的理解(即,不仅是科学发现的商业化),本文还指出了大学在有利于国家环境方面的三个发展:(1)实现范围经济的组织创新; (2)对研究重点进行战略选择的制度化能力; (三)促进新兴产业发展的能力。分析表明,随着国家大学系统的发展并遇到成本控制问题,改革的政治压力增加,导致系统同质化。系统同质化削弱了企业家精神的背景资源,并引发了衰退的过程。

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