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Invention in the city: Increasing returns to patenting as a scaling function of metropolitan size

机译：城市中的发明：随着城市规模的扩大，专利的回报越来越高

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摘要

We investigate the relationship between patenting activity and the population size of metropolitan areas in the United States over the last two decades (1980-2001). We find a clear superlinear effect, whereby new patents are granted disproportionately in larger urban centers, thus showing increasing returns in inventing activity with respect to population size. We characterize this relation quantitatively as a power law with an exponent larger than unity. This phenomenon is commensurate with the presence of larger numbers of inventors in larger metropolitan areas, which we find follows a quantitatively similar superlinear relationship to population, while the productivity of individual inventors stays essentially constant across metropolitan areas. We also find that structural measures of the patent co-authorship network although weakly correlated to increasing rates of patenting, are not enough to explain them. Finally, we show that R&D establishments and employment in other creative professions also follow superlinear scaling relations to metropolitan population size, albeit possibly with different exponents.
机译：我们调查了过去二十年（1980-2001年）美国专利活动与大城市人口规模之间的关系。我们发现了明显的超线性效应，即在较大的城市中心不成比例地授予了新专利，从而显示了相对于人口规模的发明活动的回报越来越大。我们将这种关系定量地描述为幂律，其指数大于一。这种现象与大都市区中大量发明人的存在是相称的，我们发现这与人口在数量上具有相似的超线性关系，而单个发明人的生产率在大都市区中基本保持恒定。我们还发现，专利共同作者网络的结构性措施尽管与增加专利率之间的相关性很弱，但不足以对其进行解释。最后，我们表明，其他创意行业的研发机构和就业也遵循大城市人口规模的超线性比例关系，尽管可能具有不同的指数。

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