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An ultra low noise telecom wavelength free running single photon detector using negative feedback avalanche diode

机译:使用负反馈雪崩二极管的超低噪声电信无波长运行单光子探测器

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It is challenging to implement genuine free running single-photon detectors for the 1550 nm wavelength range with simultaneously high detection efficiency (DE), low dark noise, and good time resolution. We report a novel read out system for the signals from a negative feedback avalanche diode (NFAD) [M. A. Itzler, X. Jiang, B. Nyman, and K. Slomkowski, “Quantum sensing and nanophotonic devices VI,” Proc. SPIE 7222, 72221K (2009); X. Jiang, M. A. Itzler, K. ODonnell, M. Entwistle, and K. Slomkowski, “Advanced photon counting techniques V,” Proc. SPIE 8033, 80330K (2011); M. A. Itzler, X. Jiang, B. M. Onat, and K. Slomkowski, “Quantum sensing and nanophotonic devices VII,” Proc. SPIE 7608, 760829 (2010)], which allows useful operation of these devices at a temperature of 193 K and results in very low darkcounts (∼100 counts per second (CPS)), good time jitter (∼30 ps), and good DE (∼10%). We characterized two NFADs with a time-correlation method using photons generated from weak coherent pulses and photon pairs produced by spontaneous parametric down conversion. The inferred detector efficiencies for both types of photon sources agree with each other. The best noise equivalent power of the device is estimated to be 8.1 × 10-18 W Hz-1/2, more than 10 times better than typical InP/InGaAs single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) show in free running mode. The afterpulsing probability was found to be less than 0.1% per ns at the optimized operating point. In addition, we studied the performance of an entanglement-based quantum key distribution (QKD) using these detectors and develop a model for the quantum bit error rate that incorporates the afterpulsing coefficients. We verified experimentally that using these NFADs it is feasible to implement QKD over 400 km of telecom fiber. Our NFAD photon detector system is very simple, and is well suited for single-photon appl- cations where ultra-low noise and free-running operation is required, and some afterpulsing can be tolerated.
机译:在1550 nm波长范围内实现真正的自由运行单光子检测器同时具有高检测效率(DE),低暗噪声和良好的时间分辨率是具有挑战性的。我们报告了一种新型的读出系统,用于从负反馈雪崩二极管(NFAD)[M。 A. Itzler,X。Jiang,B。Nyman和K. Slomkowski,“量子感测和纳米光子器件VI”,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,88:3877-5877。 SPIE 7222,72221K(2009); X. Jiang,M。A. Itzler,K。ODonnell,M。Entwistle和K. Slomkowski,“先进的光子计数技术V”,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,87:3877-5。 SPIE 8033、80330K(2011); M. A. Itzler,X。Jiang,B。M. Onat和K. Slomkowski,“量子感测和纳米光子器件VII”,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,87:3593-2。 SPIE 7608,760829(2010)],它允许这些设备在193 K的温度下进行有用的操作,并具有非常低的暗计数(每秒约100个计数(CPS)),良好的时间抖动(约30 ps)和良好的DE(〜10%)。我们使用时间相关方法对两个NFAD进行了表征,其中使用了弱相干脉冲产生的光子和自发参数下转换产生的光子对。两种类型的光子源的推断探测器效率彼此一致。该设备的最佳噪声等效功率估计为8.1×10 -18 W Hz -1/2 ,比典型的InP / InGaAs单光子好10倍以上雪崩二极管(SPAD)在自由运行模式下显示。发现在优化的工作点,后脉冲概率小于0.1%/ ns。此外,我们使用这些检测器研究了基于纠缠的量子密钥分配(QKD)的性能,并开发了包含后脉冲系数的量子误码率模型。我们通过实验验证了使用这些NFAD可以在400 km的电信光纤上实施QKD。我们的NFAD光子检测器系统非常简单,非常适合要求超低噪声和自由运行的单光子应用,并且可以容忍一些后脉冲。

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