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Climate change and managing water crisis: Pakistan's perspective

机译：气候变化与管理水危机：巴基斯坦的观点

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Climate change is a global phenomenon manifested mainly through global warming. The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has reported its negative consequences on natural resources, anthropogenic activities, and natural disasters. The El Nino and La Nina have affected hydrologic regimes and ecosystems. It has been observed that the average temperature in 1995 was 0.4℃ higher than that in 1895. By the end of the 21st century, 10% of the area of Bangladesh is likely to be submerged by the sea. Most of the islands of Pacific Ocean will disappear. A major part of Maldives will be submerged. The sea level is expected to rise by 30-150 cm. Extreme events such as floods, cyclones, tsunamis, and droughts have become regular phenomena in many parts of the world. Other adverse impacts are proliferation of water-borne diseases, sea water intrusion, salinization of coastal areas, loss of biodiversity, eco-degradation of watersheds and global glacial decline, and haphazard snow melts/ thaws. In turn, these factors have serious effect on water resources. Pakistan is confronting similar climate change. Meteorological data reveal that winter temperatures are rising and summers are getting cooler. Temperature is expected to increase by 0.9℃ and 1.5℃ by years 2020 and 2050, respectively. Water resources in Pakistan are affected by climate change as it impacts the behavior of glaciers, rainfall patterns, greenhouse gas emissions, recurrence of extreme events such as floods and droughts. Severe floods have occurred in the years 1950,1956,1957, 1973,1976,1978,1988,1992, 2010,2011, and 2012. Pakistan has faced the worst-ever droughts during the period from 1998 to 2004. Pakistan has surface water potential of 140 million acre feet (MAF) and underground water reserve of 56 MAF. It is one of the most water-stressed countries in the world. The per capita annual availability of water has reduced from 5140 m~3 in 1950 to 1000 m~3 now. It is fast approaching towards water scarcity. To minimize adverse impacts of climate change on the water crisis in Pakistan, the preparation of integrated national, provincial, and local level master plans encompassing technical, social, environmental, administrative, and financial considerations is necessary. It is imperative to implement two simultaneous approaches of adaptation (living with climate change) and mitigation (addressing negativities of climate change). Salient features are integrated management of watersheds/catchments/water bodies, optimum exploitation of present sources, development of new sources, water conservation, adequate drainage, efficient design of water storage, conveyance, distribution and supply systems, utilization of waste water, and regulation of water quality.
机译：气候变化是一种全球现象，主要表现为全球变暖。国际气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）报告了其对自然资源，人为活动和自然灾害的负面影响。厄尔尼诺现象和拉尼娜现象影响了水文状况和生态系统。据观察，1995年的平均温度比1895年的平均温度高0.4℃。到21世纪末，孟加拉国面积的10％可能被海水淹没。太平洋的大部分岛屿将消失。马尔代夫的大部分地区将被淹没。预计海平面将上升30-150厘米。洪水，飓风，海啸和干旱等极端事件已成为世界许多地方的常规现象。其他不利影响包括水传播疾病的扩散，海水入侵，沿海地区盐碱化，生物多样性丧失，流域的生态退化和全球冰川减少以及无序的融雪/解冻。反过来，这些因素也会对水资源产生严重影响。巴基斯坦正面临着类似的气候变化。气象数据表明，冬季气温正在上升，而夏季却越来越凉。预计到2020年和2050年温度将分别升高0.9℃和1.5℃。巴基斯坦的水资源受到气候变化的影响，因为气候变化会影响冰川的行为，降雨方式，温室气体排放，洪水和干旱等极端事件的再次发生。 1950年，1956年，1957年，1973年，1976年，1978年，1988年，1992年，2010年，2011年和2012年发生了严重洪灾。1998年至2004年期间，巴基斯坦面临着有史以来最严重的干旱。巴基斯坦地表水潜力达1.4亿英亩英尺（MAF），地下水储备为56 MAF。它是世界上用水最紧张的国家之一。人均年可用水量已从1950年的5140 m〜3减少到现在的1000 m〜3。它正迅速走向缺水。为了最大程度地减少气候变化对巴基斯坦水危机的不利影响，有必要制定包括技术，社会，环境，行政和财务方面的综合国家，省和地方一级总体规划。必须同时采取适应（适应气候变化）和减缓（应对气候变化的负面影响）的两种方法。其显着特征是流域/集水区/水体的综合管理，对现有水源的最佳利用，新水源的开发，节水，充足的排水，有效的储水设计，输送，分配和供应系统，废水的利用以及法规水质

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