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Evaluating the Cost, Safety, and Proliferation Risks of Small Floating Nuclear Reactors

机译：评估小型浮式核反应堆的成本，安全性和扩散风险

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It is hard to see how our energy system can be decarbonized if the world abandons nuclear power, but equally hard to introduce the technology in nonnuclear energy states. This is especially true in countries with limited technical, institutional, and regulatory capabilities, where safety and proliferation concerns are acute. Given the need to achieve serious emissions mitigation by mid-century, and the multidecadal effort required to develop robust nuclear governance institutions, we must look to other models that might facilitate nuclear plant deployment while mitigating the technology's risks. One such deployment paradigm is the build-own-operate-return model. Because returning small land-based reactors containing spent fuel is infeasible, we evaluate the cost, safety, and proliferation risks of a system in which small modular reactors are manufactured in a factory, and then deployed to a customer nation on a floating platform. This floating small modular reactor would be owned and operated by a single entity and returned unopened to the developed state for refueling. We developed a decision model that allows for a comparison of floating and land-based alternatives considering key International Atomic Energy Agency plant-siting criteria. Abandoning onsite refueling is beneficial, and floating reactors built in a central facility can potentially reduce the risk of cost overruns and the consequences of accidents. However, if the floating platform must be built to military-grade specifications, then the cost would be much higher than a land-based system. The analysis tool presented is flexible, and can assist planners in determining the scope of risks and uncertainty associated with different deployment options.
机译：如果世界放弃了核能，很难看到我们的能源系统将如何脱碳，但是同样难以将技术引入非核能国家。在技​​术，体制和法规能力有限的国家，尤其是在安全和扩散问题十分严重的国家，情况尤其如此。鉴于需要在本世纪中叶之前实现严重的减排目标，并且需要建立强大的核治理机构进行数十年的努力，因此，我们必须寻求其他有助于减轻核电站技术部署风险的模型。一种这样的部署范例是构建拥有-操作-返回模型。因为返回包含乏燃料的小型陆基反应堆是不可行的，所以我们评估了一种系统的成本，安全性和扩散风险，在该系统中，小型模块化反应堆在工厂制造，然后在浮动平台上部署到客户所在国家。该浮式小型模块化反应堆将由一个实体拥有和运营，并在未开放的情况下返回发达国家以供加油。我们开发了一个决策模型，可以考虑国际原子能机构的主要工厂选址标准，比较浮动方案和陆基方案。放弃现场加油是有益的，并且在中央设施中建造的浮式反应堆可以潜在地降低成本超支的风险和事故后果。但是，如果必须根据军事级别的规格来构建浮动平台，则成本将比陆基系统高得多。所提供的分析工具非常灵活，可以帮助计划人员确定与不同部署选项相关的风险和不确定性范围。

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