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A comparison of university technology transfer offices' commercialization strategies in the Scandinavian countries

机译：斯堪的纳维亚国家大学技术转让办公室的商业化策略比较

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摘要

Many European countries have followed the American example by changing the intellectual property laws governing university technology transfer from university inventorship to university ownership. The Scandinavian countries have chosen different paths as Denmark and Norway changed their laws in favor of university ownership, while Sweden retained its university inventor laws. This longitudinal study shows increasing technology transfer organization (TTO) capacity in all three countries regardless of change in intellectual property rights (IPR) framework or not. Danish and Norwegian TTOs increased their use of the license commercialization strategy, with variations at the TTO level, while the Swedish universities TTOs have maintained their use of the spin-off commercialization strategy. The relative use of the two commercialization strategies, licensing and spin-offs, is indirectly influenced by the IPR framework, and more directly by the designs of the policy intent of the university technology transfer system, the government funding system, the TTOs access to business development resources and competence, and monitoring of the university TTOs.
机译：许多欧洲国家效仿美国的做法，将管理大学技术转让的知识产权法从大学发明家身份转变为大学所有权。斯堪的纳维亚国家选择了不同的途径，丹麦和挪威改变了法律以支持大学所有权，而瑞典则保留了其大学发明者法律。这项纵向研究表明，无论是否更改了知识产权（IPR）框架，这三个国家的技术转让组织（TTO）能力都在不断提高。丹麦和挪威的TTO增加了对许可证商业化策略的使用，但在TTO级别上有所变化，而瑞典的大学TTO则保持了对衍生商业化策略的使用。知识产权框架间接影响着两种商业化策略的使用，即许可和附带利益，更直接地受到大学技术转让系统，政府资助系统，TTO的商业准入政策设计的影响。开发资源和能力，以及对大学TTO的监控。

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